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Science Final Notes1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Experiment 4. Conclusion | Scientific Method |
| comes from the latin word "scientia" meaning knowledge | Science |
| an explanation that has had a hypothesis tested over and over again, is peer rievewed, and always has the same conclusion | Theory |
| an explanation that has been "proven" to be true and is mathematically explained | Law |
| the science of matter and energy and its changes | Physical Science |
| boiling temperature in Nashua | 98 degrees |
| how far something has moved | Distance |
| the distance and direction an object moves from its starting point | Displacement |
| the distance an object travels per unit of time -total distance traveled divided by the total amound of time | Average Speed |
| the distance an object moves per unit of time and the direction of the object | Average Velocity |
| the rate of change of velocity | Acceleration |
| the tendency of an object to resist change | Inertia |
| total addition when two or more combined forces are acted on an object at the same time | Net Force |
| an object in motion will stay in motion or an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an outside force | Newton's First Law |
| product of the mass and velocity of an object | Momentum |
| acceleration toward the center of a curved or circular path of an object in a circular motion | Centripetal Acceleration |
| the amount of matter an object contains; doesn't change throughought the universe | Mass |
| force acting on an object in a circular motion; force acts towards the center of the circular motion | Centripetal Force |
| force is a product of the mass and the acceleration of an object | Newton's Second Law |
| not a force caused by mass, but an effect of space itself | Gravity |
| every action has an equal and opposite reaction | Newton's Third Law |
| the ability to cause change | Energy |
| the added sum of potential energy and kinetic energy | Mechanical Energy |
| energy that has to do with an object's position above the earth | Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) |
| energy in the form of heat | Thermal Energy |
| energy that increases as an object is stretched or compresses | Elastic Potential Energy |
| energy in the form of motion | Kinetic Energy |
| energy that is stored in the form of chemicals | Chemical Potential Energy |
| energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change | Law of Conservation of Energy |
| contains 4,180 Joules | Calorie |
| burns the cleanest; most commonly used to heat homes | Natural Gas |
| used to make plastics, fabrics, and lubricants; used mostly for transportation; liquid | Petroleum |
| burns the dirtiest; made from (mostly) plants; solid | Coal |
| has the highest boiling point | asphalt |
| has the lowest boiling point | propane |
| has the medium boiling point | diesel |
| fuel used nuclear reactors usually comes from this | Uranium-235 |
| energy harnessed from the inner earth | Geothermal Energy |
| using energy from falling water to generate electricity | Hydroelectricity |
| energy produced by the splitting of atoms | Nuclear Fission |
| energy procuced by the combining of atoms | Nuclear Fusion |
| chemical energy formed from once-living organisms | Fossil Fuels |
| the transfer of energy that occurs when a force makes an object move 1. applied force must make object move 2. the movement must be in the same direction as the applied force | Work |
| the amount that energy can change in a certain amount of time | Power |
| a device that makes doing work easier | Machine |
| work output of a machine divided by the work input; expressed as a percentage % | Efficiency |
| ratio of resistance force to effort force, showing you how effective a machine is | Mechanical Advantage |
| the force applied by the machine to overcome resistance | Output Force |
| the force put into a machine | Input Force |
| 1/1000 | Milli |
| 1000 | Kilo |
| 1 ml = 1 ml = 1 g = | 1 cm3 1 g 1 cm3 |
| x-axis, controlled, vary at known rate | Independent |
| y-axis, vary at unknown rate, the "effect" | Dependent |
| data shown in a picture form | Graph |
| mass of object increases, gravitational force ________ | increases |
| distance between objects increases, gravitational force ________ | decreases |
| Fossil and Nuclear Fuels to Electricity Process: | 1. burn fuel 2. heat water 3. water turns to steam 4. steam turns turbine 5. turbine turns generator 6. electricity is produced |
| work in __ work out | > (greater than) |
| increase distance, ________ force | decrease |
| an explanation of how particles in matter behave | Kinetic-Particle Theory |
| 1. all matter is composed of ____ particles | small |
| 2. these particles are in constant, random ____ and are colliding with each other | motion |
| 3. the more massive a particle is, the ____ it moves | slower |
| 4. the speed of atoms and molecules is ____ by adding heat and ____ by removing heat | increasing; removing |
| if all heat is removed from matter, its temperature is ____ | Absolute Zero |
| a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in the object | temperature |
| SI unit of temperature | Kelvin |
| 1 Kelvin = _ degree Celsius | 1 |
| the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of all the particles in an object | Thermal Energy |
| thermal energy that flows from something at a higher temperature to something at a lower temperature | Heat |
| heat is measured in: | Joules |
| heat always flows from ____ to ____ materials | warmer; cooler |
| the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature one gram of water 1 degree Celsius | calorie |
| the heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 degree Celsius | Calorie (kilocalorie) |
| can you directly measure heat? | no. only its effect |
| does heat have mass? | no. |
Created by:
Natacham
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