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Drugs & Behavior
Tobacco, Performance enchancing drugs, prevention abuse
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How long did it take for Tobacco to become popular in Europe from its introduction? | Over 100 years, around 1600 AD |
| How did tobacco become popular in Europe? | The wealthy using it in the Americas brought it over to europe and it became associated with their status. |
| When was tobacco first introduced to colombus? | 1492 |
| Who is the scientists that tobacco is named after? | Jean Nicot |
| What are the two main species of tobacco | Nicotiana Tobacum (more common everywhere) & Nicotiana rustica (Indies and Easter North America) |
| Who helped establish tobacco sales for england in the colony of Virginia? | John Rolfe |
| What led to the first large-scale fight between the Virginia colonists and Native Americans? | Land space for Tobacco planting. |
| What was popular during the 18th century in England? | Snuff - ground tobacco that you inhale through the nose. |
| Why was chewing tobacco so popular in the 19th Century? | It was good for a country on the go; freed the hands, and wide open spaces were useful for spittoon. Also, bans existed on possessing a pipe on the streets for fear of fire hazards. |
| What year did Smoking tobacco surpass chewing? | 1920 |
| What is Trukish Tobacco | cigarettes with an aromatic component. |
| What was the view of King James of England on Tobacco? | He thought it was harmful to health and morality. |
| What 1952 article led to the decline of tobacco sales? | Readers digest - "cancer by the carton" |
| What did "cancer by the carton," shed light on? | The possible connection between cancer and tobacco. |
| How did tobacco companies respond to the publication of "cancer by the carton," and the huge impact it had on sales? | 2 ways 1. Mass marketed filter cigarettes that were considered safer and had less nicotine. 2. Promoted safer alternative 3. created a fake council for tobacco research that actually was working for the companies to help diminish any negative claims |
| When did congress force tobacco companies to include a warning on their boxes? | 1965 |
| What helped the lawsuits against tobacco companies be sucessful? | The changing legal climate and revelation of companies withholding proof of knowledge that their product was harmful. |
| What were the results of the 1998 settlement agreement between 46 states and major tobacco companies? | $205 billion in payments to the states. Advertising regulations Restriction of sales to minors |
| What was the difference between filter cigarretes and regular ones? | They had lower nicotine and tar levels. |
| When was the FDA finally given the ability to regulate Tobacco products? | 2009 by president Obams Family smoking prevention and tobacco control act. |
| What is the single biggest factor that influences the smoking rate in adults? | Their education level |
| What is Moist Snuff? | "dip" nicotine absorbed through mucous membranes. |
| What are the benefits of smokeless tobacco? | - Less expensive - Easier to use indoors and outdoors - Less likely to cause lung cancer. |
| How harmfull are Hookas compared to cigarretes? | A 45 minute session may be equal to smoking an entire pack of cigarettes. |
| What percentage of lung cancers are caused because of smoking? | 85% |
| What percentage of death from cancer is smoking related? | 30% |
| What have concerns for second-hand smoke caused? | Stricter restrictions on smoking in the workplace and in public. |
| What are the effects on the fetus of smoking during pregnancy? | Lower birth weight, risk of miscarriage, SIDs, suspected later effects on physical and intellectual development. |
| What is the scientific definition for nicotine? | A naturally ocurring liquid alkaloid. |
| How much of nicotine is absorbed? | 90% |
| What are the symptoms of nicotine poisoning seen in begginers and children? | Nausea, dizziness, weakness, tremors, convulsions,paralysis of breathing muscles, death. |
| What are the phsychological effects of Nicotine in respect to what it increases? | Increases : Heartrate/blood pressure, oxygen need, blood clotting, electrical activity in the cortext, blood sugar. |
| What are the phsychological effects of Nicotine in respect to what it decreases? | Oxygen-carrying ability of blood (leads to short breath). Decreases hunger contractions, and causes deadening of taste buds. |
| What is the primary reinforcing substance in Tobacco? | Nicotine |
| What two effects has nicotine been reported to have? | Calming and stimulating (the effect you have often depends on user expectation) |
| What has the surgeon general reported on the addictive effects of nicotine? | - It IS addictive. Nicotine is what causes the addiction in tobacco. Processes of addiction are similar to heroin and cocaine. |
| How many ex-smokers are there in the US? | over 40 million |
| How many puffs would you take on average in a year (hits of nicotine)? | 50,000 |
| What is the usual relapse time of nicotine after quiting? | 6 months |
| What are the nicotine replacement options of help quitting? | Gum, patch, nasal spray, inhaler, lozenge. Perscription Zyban & Chantix. |
| What are the three concerns about the use of drugs among athletes? | #1. They are role models, and may influence children to use drugs. #2. Drugs may provide an unfair advantage. #3. Drugs may put their health at risk. |
| What does ERGOGENIC mean? | "energy producing" a general term for performance enhancement. |
| What is strychnine? | Early performance drug. "Rat poison." At low doses it serves as a CNS stimulant. High doses can cause convulsions and death. |
| What is "wine for athletes?" | Mariani's Coca wine which had cocaine and was used by the french cycling team. |
| Why were amphetamines popular in athletes? | More potent than caffeine, longer lasting than cocaine, safer than strychnine. |
| What led to the 1968 International Olympic Committee decision to disquilify athletes who refused to test for drugs? | The death of Tommy Simpson on television during the Tour de France in 1967. |
| How did steroids come to be developed and used? Who used them first in athletes? | Male testosterone was used as a way to help malnourished people gain weight. The soviets used them first in athletes. |
| When did testing for steroids begin? | 1970s |
| What was the BALCO scandal? | Rumors of undetectible steroid use in professional baseball players that were verified. Led to mandatory testing in 2006 of all players, 2x per year. |
| What steroids were being used in the BALCO cases? | THG - tetrahydrogestrinone (undetectible at the time) |
| How many brand-name drugs containing banned substances are on the list of the NCAA | 3000 |
| What are the main issues with testing? | - Can only look for specific substances - Can only catch people when its in their system - organizations are not commited to enforcement. |
| What has research found to be the effect of stimulants on performance? | There is a small improvement. But in professional sports, a small improvement can be huge. |
| What could be the underlying mechanism of improvement caused by stimulants? | 1. physical ability (strenght, no fatigue, etc) 2. Mental - condifence/focus |
| What are the effects of cocaine as a stimulant in athletes? | It similar to amphetamine, but the duration of action is shoerter, so only brief effects. |
| What led to the ban on ephedra and ephedrine in dietary supplements in 2004? | The collapse of baseball player Seve Bechler due to collapse during practice and temp of 108 degrees that led to death. This was caused by the ephedrine in his dietary supplaments. |
| What are anabolic effects of natural testosterone? | -Increased muscle mass, protein synthesis and calcium in the bones. Also control of body fat distribution. |
| What are the two types of effect testosterone can have? | Androgenic (masculizing) and Anabolic (tissue building). |
| What is stacking? | Taking more than one steroid at a time |
| What are the positive effects of steroids? | Allow more work to be done durig training. Increase effort intensity during competition. |
| What are the negative effects of steroids? | Psychological dependence (mood swings), interference with social relationships, roid rage. |
| What are the reversible side effects of steroid use in women? | mild acne, decreased breast size, fluid retention. |
| What are the irreversible side effects of steroid use in women? | enlargement of the clitoris (if not stopped right away), increased facial hair, deepening of the voice. |
| What are the risks of steroid users men? | peliosis hepatitis, change in blood lipid levels, acne, baldness |
| What are the risks for young steroid users? | Limited adult height, atrophy of the testes, breast enlargement. |
| What did the Omnibus Crime Control Act of 1990 do in relation to steroids? | It placed anabolic steroids as a schedule III controlled substance. |
| What is Human Growth hormone? | Released from the pituitary gland, can potentially increase the height and weight of an individual to gigantic proportions. |
| What are Beta-2 Agonists (ex clenbuterol) | hormones that have Sympathomimetic effects on the bronchi of the lungs. Used to increase muscle mass. More specific than amphetamines since they use just the Beta 2 receptor. |
| What is creatine? | A natural substance found in meat and fish, sold legally as a dietary supplement. |
| What does creatine do? | Helps regenerate ATP, which provides energy for muscle contractions. |
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yabrahantes
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