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Chapter 10 and 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the branch of psychology that studies how we think and behave in social situations | social psychology |
| the area of social psychology that deals with the ways in which we think about other people and ourselves | social cognition |
| an evaluative belief that we hold about something | attitude |
| the idea that we strive to have attitudes and behaviors that do not contradict one another | cognitive consistency |
| a theory that predicts that we will be motivated to change our attitudes and/or our behaviors to the extent that they cause us to feel dissonance, an uncomfortable physical state | dissonance theory |
| a type of social influence in which someone tries ti change our attitudes | persuasion |
| a style of thinking in which the person carefully and critically evaluates persuasive arguments and generates counterarguments; the central route requires motivation and available cognitive resources | central route to persuasion |
| a style of thinking in which the person does not carefully and critically evaluate persuasuve arguments or generate counterarguments; the pherical route ensues when one lacks motivation and/or available cognitive resources | peripheral route to persuasion |
| the way that we understand and make judgments about others | impression formation |
| the act of assigning cause to behavior | attribution |
| an attribution that assigns the cause of a behavior to the traits and characteristics of the person being judged | trait attribution |
| an attribution that assigns the cause of a behavior to some characteristics of the situation or environment in which the behavior occurs | situational attribution |
| our tendency to overuse trait information when making attributions about others | fundamental attribution error |
| a culture, like many Western cultures, in which individual accomplishments are valued over group accomplishments | individualistic culture |
| a culture, like many Asian cultures, in which group accomplishments are valued over individual accomplishments | collectivistic culture |
| our tendency to make the fundamental attribution error when judging others, while being less likely to do so when making attributions about ourselves | actor/observer bias |
| our tendency to make attribution that preserve our own self-esteem - for example, making trait attributions for our success and situational attributions for our failures | self-serving bias |
| a schema for a particular group of people | stereotype |
| a largely negative stereotype that is unfairly applied to all members of a group regardless of their individual characteristics | prejudice |
| the behavioral expression of a prejudice | discrimination |
| a proposed form of subtle racism in which European Americans feel aversive emotions around African Americans, which may lead them to dicriminate against African American | aversive racism |
| a phenomenon in which fears of being discriminated against elicit stereotype-confirming behaviors | stereotype threat |
| our tendency to favor people who belong to the same groups that we do | in-group bias |
| a group that is distinct from one's own and so usually an object of more hostility or dislike than one's in-group | out-group |
| our tendency to see out-group members as being pretty much all alike | out-group homogeneity |
| the theory that prejudice stems from competition for scarce resources | realistic-conflict theory |
| an out-group that is blamed for many of society's problems | scapegoat |
| the theory that contact between groups is an effective means of reducing prejudice between them | contact hypothesis |
| a goal that is shared by different groups | superordiante goal |
| physical closeness | proximity |
| the theory that we are attracted to people whose level of physical attractiveness is similar to our own | matching hypothesis |
| unwritten rule or expectation for how group members should behave | norm |
| the degree to which members of a group value their group membership; cohesive groups are tight-knit groups | cohesiveness |
| behaving in accordance with group norms | conformity |
| conformity that occurs when group members change their behavior to meet group norms but are not persuaded to change their beliefs and attitudes | normative conformity |
| conformity that occurs when conformity pressures actually persuade group members to adopt new beliefs and/or attitudes | informational conformity |
| a state in which a person's behavior becomes controlled more by external norms than by the person's own internal values and morals | deindividuation |
| performing better on a task in the presence of others than you would if you were alone | social facilitation |
| when group members exert less effort on a group task than they would if they were performing the task alone | social loafing |
| a situation in which a group fixates on one decision and members blindly assume that it is the correct decision | groupthink |
| yielding to a demand | obedience |
| yielding to simple request | compliance |
| increasing compliance by first asking people to give in to a small request, which then paves the way for compliance with a second, larger request | foot-in-the door compliance |
| increasing compliance by first asking people to give in to a very large request and then, after they refuse, asking them to give in to a smaller request | door-in-the-face compliance |
| a strong norm that states we should treat others as they treat us | reciprocity |
| increasing compliance by first getting the person to agree to a deal and then changing the terms of the deal to be more favorable to yourself | low-balling |
| increasing compliance by sweetening the deal with additional incentives | that's-not-all |
| obedience to immoral, unethical demands that cause harm to others | destructive obedience |
| aggression that is used to facilitate the attainment of a goal | instrumental aggression |
| aggression that is meant to cause harm to others | hostile aggression |
| the idea that frustration causes aggressive behavior | frustration-aggression hypothesis |
| behavior that helps others | prosocial behavior |
| helping another without being motivated by self-gain | altruism |
| another term for altruism | helping behavior |
| the idea that the more witnesses there are to an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to offer help | bystander effect |
| the idea that responsibility for taking responsibility for taking action is diffused across all the people witnessing an event | diffusion of responsibility |
| the idea that we use the behavior of others to help us determine whether a situation is an emergency requiring our help; if no one else is helping, we may conclude that help isnt needed | pluralistic ignorance |
| perspective that views psychological disorders as similar to physical diseases; they result from biological disurbances and can be diagnosed, treated, and cured like physical illness | medical model |
| a book published by the American Psychiatric Association that lists the criteria for close to 400 mental health disorders | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM) |
| a disorder marked by excessive aprehension that seriously interferes with a person's ability to function | anxiety disorder |
| an anxiety disorder characterized by chronic, constant worry in almost all situations | generalized anxiety disorder |
| an anxiety disorder characterized by fear and anxiety in the absence of danger that is accompanied by strong physical symptoms | panic disorder |
| an excessive fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult or where help might not be available of one were to experience panic | agoraphobia |
| a disorder marked by a loss of awareness of some part of one's self or one's surrounding that seriously interferes with the person's ability to function | dissociative disorder |
| a disorder marked episodes of amnesia in which a person is unable to recall some or all of his or her past and is confused about his or her identity; a new identity may be formed in which the person suddenly and unexpectedly travels away from home | dissociative fugue disorder |
| a disorder in which two or more personalities coexist within the same individual; formerly called multiple personality disorder | dissociative identity disorder |
| a disorder marked by physical compliants that have no apparent physical cause | somatoform disorder |
| a somatoform disorder in which the person persistently worries over having a disease, without any evident physical basis | hypochondriasis |
| a disorder marked by a significant change in one's emotional state that seriously interferes with one's ability to function | mood disorder |
| a mood disorder involving dysphoria, feelings of worthlessness, loss of interest in one's usual activities, and changes in bodily activities such as sleep and appetite that persists for at least 2 weeks | major depression |
| an extreme state of sadness | dysphoria |
| absence of pleasure from one's usual activities | anhedonia |
| a mood disorder that is a less severe but more chronic form of major depression | dysthymic |
| a mood disorder characterized by both depression and mania | bipolar disorder |
| a period of abnormally excessive energy and elation | mania |
| a mood disorder that is a less severe but more chronic form of bipolar disorder | cyclothymic diorder |
| the belief that one cannot control the outcome of events | learned helplessness |
| the tendency to persistently focus on how one feels without attempting to do anything about one's feelings | ruminative coping style |
| thought that tends to be pessimistic and negative | cognitive distortion |
| a severe disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perceptions, emotions, and behavior | schizophrenia |
| a thought or belief that a person believes to be true but in reality is not | delusion |
| percieving something that does not exist in reality | hallucination |
| a symptom of schizophrenia that includes inappropriate or unusual behavior such as silliness, catatonic excitement, or catatonic stupor | disordered behavior |
| a disorder in motor behavior involving immobility | catatonic stupor |
| a disorder in motor behavior involving excited agitation | catatonic excitement |
| a lack of emotional expression | blunted affect |
| decreased quality and/or quantity of speech | alogia |
| the inablility to follow though on one's plans | avolition |
| a disorder marked by maladaptive behavior that has been stable over a long period and across many situations | personality disorder |
| a personality disorder marked by a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others with no remorse or guilt for one's actions | antisocial personality disorder |
| a personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability in mood, relationships, self-image, and behavior | borderline personality disorder |
| a symptom of schizophrenia in which one's speech lacks association between one's ideas and the event that one is experiencing. | disorganized speech |
| an anxiety disorder characterized by an intense fear of a specific object or situation | phobic |
| a persistent fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation | specific phobia |
| an irrational, persistent fear or being negatively evaluated by others in a social situation. | social phobia |
| a recurrent thought or image that intrudes on a person's awareness | obsession |
| repetitive behavior that a person feels a strong urge to perform | compulsion |
| an anxiety disorder involving a pattern of unwanted intrusive thoughts and the urge to engage in repetitive actions | obsessive-compulsive disorder |
| an anxiety disorder, characterized by distressing memories, emotional numbness, and hypervigilance, that develops after exposure to a traumatic event | posttraumatic stress disorder |
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