Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
endocrine/repro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What gland releases secretions outside of the body? Ex. Sweat glands | Exocrine glands |
| What gland releases hormones into bloodstream, is known as ductless gland. Ex. thyroid gland | Endocrine glands |
| What does the endocrine system do and what is it composed of? | Release hormones into bloodstream, maintains homeostasis, composed of hypothalamus and pituitary glandq |
| What controls the secondary components of the endocrine system? | Pituitary gland |
| What are the secondary components of the endocrine system? | thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads |
| During pregnancy the placenta acts as what? | an endocrine gland |
| Describe the hypothalamus | part of the brain stem, controls the pituitary gland |
| Describe the pituitary gland. | large pea, master gland, each lobe contains # of hormones |
| What are hormones? | Chemical substances that regulate certain bodily functions |
| Describe the anterior pituitary. | Master gland, secretes hormones that regulate other endocrine glands, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocortocotropin hormone (ACTH). |
| What are gonadotropins? | Follicle stimulating hormones (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH) |
| What is FSH? | development of ova and sperm, stimulates ovary to secrete estrogen |
| What is LH? | secretion of sex hormones, role in releasing ova |
| What does the anterior pituitary also release? | Growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
| What does the posterior pituitary release? | antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin |
| What transfers information and instructions from one set of cells to another? | hormones |
| What two groups are hormones divided into? | steroids and peptides & amines |
| Steroids | slow-acting, long lasting and usually end in -rone |
| Peptides and amines | fasting acting, short lived, example insulin |
| What are hormone-secreting glands? | hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, and gonads |
| Describe the pancreas. | Under stomach, endocrine and exocrine function, islets of langerhans, produces insulin and glucagon |
| Describe insulin | made by beta cells, makes cells take glucose in from bloodstream, decreases blood sugar level, occurs after meal/carbs |
| Describe glucagon. | made by alpha cells, makes liver release glucose into bloodstream, increases blood sugar levels, occurs when body needs more glucose |
| Describe the thyroid gland. | Located on either side of trachea, butterfly shape, right/left lobes, secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), needs iodine to create hormones |
| What do thyroid hormones do? | Regulate energy production and adjusts metabolic rate |
| Describe parathyroid glands. | four tiny glands on dorsal surface of thyroid, secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| Describe adrenal glands. | 2, one above each kidney, adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla |
| Adrenal cortex | hormones are called corticosteroids |
| What are the three families of corticosteroids? | mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and steroid sex hormones |
| Mineralcorticoids | regulate Na and K levels, ex. aldosterone |
| glucocorticoid | regulates carbs, ex. cortisol |
| steroid sex hormones | regulate secondary sexual characteristics, ex. androgens, estrogen, and progesterone |
| adrenal medulla | secretes epinepherine and norepinephrine |
| What does epinephrine and norepinephrine do? | increase blood pressure, increase heart rate, and increase respiration rate |
| Pineal gland | pine cone, thalamus region of brain, secretes melatonin, circadian rhythm |
| Thymus gland | in mediastinum, immune system, also an endocrine gland, secretes thymosin |
| What are the female sex hormones? | Estrogen and progesterone |
| What does estrogen do? | development of secondary sex characteristics, formation of osteoblasts, inhibition of osteoclasts, bones loss |
| What is progesterone responsible for? | prepares uterus for egg |
| What do replacement female hormones come from? | animal, plant, and lab modified sources |
| What are testes? | Two oval glands located in the scrotum - secrete male sex hormone testosterone |
| What does testosterone do? | Produces male secondary sex characteristics and regulates sperm production |
| What does progesterone do? | Maintains a healthy prostate |
| What are replacement male hormones typically? | Anabolic steroids |
| What is diabetes mellitus? | A disorder in which blood sugar levels are abnormally high because the body does not produce enough insulin |
| What is insulin? | hormone secreted by pancreas, controls amount of glucose in blood, moves glucose from blood to cells |
| Diabetes insipidus | decreased production of ADH, excessive thirst and urination, caused by tumors and brain injuries |
| Type 1 diabetes mellitus | juvenile onset, insulin dependent |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | adult onset, not insulin dependent |
| Secondary diabetes | drug induced |
| Gestational diabetes | occurs during second and third trimesters of pregnancy |
| Diabetes symptoms | polyuria and nocturia, hunger, weight loss, fatigue, nausea/vomiting, visual changes, glycosuria, numbness/tingling, slow would healing, and breath has fruity/acetone smell |
| Diabetes complications | retinopathy, neuropathy, vascular problems, kidney disease, and diabetic ulcers |
| Diabetics cannot use glucose therefore what happens? | Their body metabolizes fat |
| What is gluconeogenesis? | The formation of glucose from protein and fatty acids |
| Fatty acid is oxidized into what? | Ketones |
| Ketones | strong acids, cause pH of body to drop, excreted in urine or eliminated through respiration |
| What are the three forms of insulin | rapid acting, intermeadiate acting, and long acting |
| What is hypoglycemia and what is it treated with? | Insulin shock, treated with milk, fruit juice, candy, glucose tablets, glucagon kit |
| What drugs are used for type 2 diabetes? | Oral hypoglycemics, sub classes: sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, and thiazolindinediones |
| Sulfonylureas | inhibit transport of K across cell membrane, sensitizes insulin receptors, ex. glipizide and glyburide |
| Biguanides | increase uptake of glucose into tissues, therefore lowering blood sugar levels, does not cause hypoglycemia, ex. metformin - caution in geriatric patients |
| thiazolinediones | insulin senstiziers, stimulate tissue sensitivity to insulin rather than stimulating insulin secretion, do not cause hypoglycemia, ex. pioglitazone and rosiglitazone |
| meglitinides | stimulate insulin secretion in presence of glucose, does not work without glucose, does not cause hypoglycemia |
| What are blood glucose moniters? | moniter, lancet, test strips |
| Causes of endocrine disorders. | effects of aging, genetic factors, condition affecting another part of body |
| What is hyperfunction of pituitary caused by? | tumors |
| What does an increase in growth hormone cause? | In children, giantism, in adults, acromagaly |
| What is hypofunction of the pituitary? | Drawfism, simmonds' disease, treated with oxytocin injection |
| What is acromegaly? | Excessive secretion of growth hormone during the adult years. |
| Hyperthyroidism | condition of excessive thyroid hormones in bloodstream, increases metabolic rate, sweating and weight loss, life-threatening, promotes cardiac arrythmias |
| What is grave's disease? | An autoimmune disorder that is a form of hypothyroidism characterized by goiter and exophthalmos |
| Hyperthyroidism treatment | removal of tumor, radioactive iodine decreases nodules in goiters, radiation destroys part of thyroid, antithyroid agents |
| Hypothyroidism may cause what? | drawfism and cretinism in children and myxedema in adults |
| What is the treatment for hypothyroidism? | Medication given for life |
| What is cretinism? | Severely stunted physical and mental growth |
| What is myxedema? | A skin and tissue disorder prolonged by hypothyroidism |
| What is hypothyroidism treated with? | Administration of thyroid hormones, ex. levothyroxine (can be cardiotoxic) |
| Osteoprosis drugs | raloxifene and calcitonin-salmon |
| internal reproductive organs | 2 ovaries, 2 fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina |
| What are the external genitals called and what are they composed of? | Vulva, composed of labia minora, labia majora, and clitoris |
| Male reproductive system | penis and testes |
| Function of female reproductive system | conceive and bear children |
| What does ovulation do? | prepares oocyte for fertilization |
| What does menstruation do? | dissolves unfertilized oocyte and sheds uterine lining |
| female reproductive system hormones | estriol, estrone, estradiol |
| Function of male reproductive system | deliver sex cells to the female |
| Fertility in male begins with what? | Release of gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH) in hypothalamus |
| GnRH makes pituitary release what? | LH and FSH |
| What does FSH do? | causes sperm production |
| What does LH do? | stimulates production of testosterone |
| What is infertility? | The failure to conceive after one year of regular unprotected intercourse |
| How can infertility be treated in women? | With antiestrogenic drugs, which stimulate production of FH and FSH, and boosts release of eggs |
| Infertility in men can be treated with what? | antibiotics, antihistamines, anti-erectile dysfunction agents, bromocriptine, and GnRH |
| Infertility from STDS is caused by what? | viral STDS (HIV, genital herpes), bacterial STDS (gnorrhea, chlamydia) and fungal and parasitic diseases |
| What is the major cause of fertility world wide? | Pelvic inflammatory disease |
| What are symptoms of PID? | scarring, abscess formation, tubal damage |
| PID is treated with what? | Anti-infectives |
| How does birth control work? | prevents ovulation each month, cervix produces less and thicker mucus so that sperm cannot easily enter uterus, and lining of uterus becomes thinner, making it more difficult for egg to attach |
| two types of birth control | progesterone only (less effective, less side effects, no estrogen) and combination pills (contains synthetic estrogen and progesterone) |
| Side effects of oral contraceptives | clot formation, stroke, infarction, increased risk of hormone related cancers, increased incidence endometrial cancer |
Created by:
caseytessmer
Popular Pharmacology sets