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Psych Final Ch 2

ch 2

QuestionAnswer
Precision scientists want to get as close to the truth as they can, so they need to be precise in what they find
Theory organized systems of assumptions that aim to explain phenomena and their interrelationships
Hypothesis attempts to predict or account for a set of phenomena; specify relationships among variables, and are empirically tested
Operational Definition a precise definition of a term in a hypothesis; they specify how the phenomena in question are to be observed or measured
Skepticism treating conclusions, both old and new, with caution
Empirical evidence based on scientifically conducted research; helps determine whether a hypothesis is true
Principle of falsifiability a scientific theory must make predictions specific enough to confirm and/or disconfirm the theory; the theory must predict not only what will happen, but also what will NOT happen
Confirmation Bias the tendency to look for or attend not only information that confirms one’s own belief
Descriptive Methods methods that yield descriptions of behavior but not necessarily casual explanations
Case Study a detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated, which may be used to formulate broader research hypothesis
Observational studies researchers carefully and systematically observe and record behavior without interfering with behavior
Psychological tests Currently undefined...
Standardization the test constructed to include uniform procedure for giving and scoring the test; an individual’s outcome or score is compared to norms
Reliability when constructing a test, the scores achieved on the test at one time and place should be consistent with the scores achieved as another time and place
Validity the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure
Surveys questionnaires and interviews that ask people about experiences, attitudes, or opinions
Correlational Study a descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationship
Variables characteristics of behavior or experiences that can be measured or described by a numeric scale; variables are manipulated and assessed in scientific studies
Correlation a statistical measure of the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables; range from -1 to +1
Positive correlation an association between increases in one variable and increases in another, or decreases in one variable and decrease in another
Negative correlation an association between increases in one variable and decreases in another
Scatter plots used to determine correlation
Causation what caused something, not necessarily associated with correlation
Experiment a controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effects on another; includes variables of interest, control conditions, and random assignment
Independent variable variables the experimenter manipulate
Dependent variable variables that are affected by the independent variables: what is measured
Control condition in an experiment, a comparison condition in which subjects are not exposed to the same treatment as in the experimental condition
Random assignment for experiments to have experimental and control groups composed of similar subjects, random assignment should be used
Experimenter effects unintended changes in subjects behavior due to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter
Descriptive statistics statistical procedures that organize and summarize research data
Inferential statistics – statistical procedures that allow researchers to draw inferences about the statistical importance of a study’s results
Cross-sectional study subjects of different ages are compared at a single time
Longitudinal study subjects are periodically assessed over a period of time
Informed consent prospective participants should receive enough information to let them decide freely whether to participate
Created by: lygordon
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