Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Ch. 7 Learning Unit
terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
| associative learning | learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences ( as in operant conditioning) |
| classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |
| behaviorism | the view that psychology 1. should be an objective science that 2. studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today with 1 but not with 2 |
| Unconditioned response (UR) | in CC, the unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US) such as saliva when food is in the mouth |
| unconditioned stimulus (US) | in CC, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response |
| Conditioned Response (CR) | in CC, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). |
| Conditioned stimulus | in CC, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response |
| acquisition | In CC, the initial stage, when one links a NS with a US so that the NS begins to trigger the CR. In OC, the strengthening of a reinforced response |
| High-order Conditioning | a procedure in which the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new NS, creating a second (often weaker) CS |
| Extinction | the diminishing of a CR; occurs in CC when an US does not follow a CS; occurs in OC when a response is no longer reinforced |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR |
| generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses |
| discrimination | in CC, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US |
| respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimuli |
| operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished followed by a punisher |
| operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
| law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
| operant chamber | in OC research, a chamber (skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal |
| learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
| associative learning | learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences ( as in operant conditioning) |
| classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |
| behaviorism | the view that psychology 1. should be an objective science that 2. studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today with 1 but not with 2 |
| Unconditioned response (UR) | in CC, the unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US) such as saliva when food is in the mouth |
| unconditioned stimulus (US) | in CC, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response |
| Conditioned Response (CR) | in CC, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). |
| Conditioned stimulus | in CC, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response |
| acquisition | In CC, the initial stage, when one links a NS with a US so that the NS begins to trigger the CR. In OC, the strengthening of a reinforced response |
| High-order Conditioning | a procedure in which the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new NS, creating a second (often weaker) CS |
| Extinction | the diminishing of a CR; occurs in CC when an US does not follow a CS; occurs in OC when a response is no longer reinforced |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR |
| generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses |
| discrimination | in CC, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US |
| respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimuli |
| operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished followed by a punisher |
| operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
| law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
| operant chamber | in OC research, a chamber (skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer |
| shaping | an OC procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
| Reinforcer | in OC, any even that strengthens the behavior it follows |
| positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, like food. A positive reinforcer is an stimuli that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response |
| negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, like shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimuli that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response |
| primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need |
| conditioned reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer |
| continuous reinforcement | reinforcing that desired response every time it occurs |
| partial reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results: slower acquistion of a response, greater resistance to extinction |
| fixed-ratio schedule | in OC, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
| variable-ratio schedule | in OC, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
| fixed-interval | specified time has elapsed |
| variable-interval schedule | unpredictable time intervals |
| cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. |
| latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake |
| extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment |
| observational learning | learning by observing others |
| modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
| mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empathy |
| prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior |
Created by:
LoganWendt
Popular Psychology sets