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AP PSYCH
ch 8 intelligence/mental
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is intelligence? | A general term referring to the ability or abilities involved in learning & adaptive behavior. |
| Intelligence test | tests designed to measure a person’s general mental abilities. |
| Intelligence tests need: | quality control in test design, Validity, Content validity,criterion-related validity, predictive validity,reliability,split-half, alternate forms, correlational coefficient, standardization, and norms |
| what is ability? | A skill that people actually have & for which they need no extra training, occurs RIGHT now. |
| What is aptitude? | A potential skill( ability) test to predict further achievements=aptitude test. |
| Who is charles spearman? | 20th century British Psych, maintained that intelligence is general, a kind of well, or spring of mental energy that flows through every action. |
| more info on charles spearman | • He noted that people who are bright in one area are bright in other areas too. • G Factor, single factor affects performance on all activities |
| Who is Louis Leon Thurstone? | Disagrees with Spearman. Thurstone argued that intelligence comprises 7 distinct mental abilities: spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, verbal meaning, memory, word fluency, & reasoning. |
| more info on LLT | LL believed these abilities are independent of one another. Thus a person w/exceptional spatial ability might lack word fluency. Someone who is bright at word fluency lacks reasoning. For LL, the 7 mental abilities taken together=general intelligence. |
| Who is Raymond Cattell? | a 20th century behavior psych. Known for his exploration in many areas of psych including Crystallized Intelligence and Fluid Intelligence |
| What is Crystallized Intelligence? | Includes abilities such as reasoning, verbal, & numerical skills. These abilities are stressed in school, & that CI is affected by experience especially formal education. • General world knowledge, facts, reasoning & verbal skills, |
| What is fluid intelligence? | 2nd cluster of abilities made by Cattell. Skills such as spatial & visual imagery, the ability to notice visual details, & rote memory. Education & other kinds of experience are thought to have little effect on FL. |
| More info on Fluid Intelligence | • Fluid aptitudes are not “learned” • They’re processes/processing speed • Spatial & visual imagery • Rote memory. |
| Robert Sternberg, what did he create? | Triarchic Theory of Intelligence. |
| Triarchic Theory of Intelligence more info on it: | there are 3 kinds of intelligence. humans have a variety of skills. Among them are skills that influence our effectiveness in many areas of life. Sternberg says these are important as the more limited skills assessed by traditional intelligence tests. |
| What is analytical (componential)intelligence # 1 of TTof I | ability to acquire new knowledge & solve problems effectively. Tests assess analytical intelligence, refers to mental processes, such as ability to learn how to do things & to carry tasks effectively. “Book smart” |
| what is creative(Experiential) intelligence? #2 of TTof I | Ability to adapt creatively in new situations, to use insight, to adjust to new tasks, use new concepts, combine info in novel ways, respond effectively in new situations too. “Insight” |
| What is practical(Contextual) intelligence? # 3 of TT of I | Ability to select contexts in which I can excel, to shape the environment to fit my strengths & to solve practical problems. Ability to “know strengths/weaknesses” |
| more info on Contextual intelligence | • Very good at finding solutions to practical/personal problems. • They make the most of their talents by seeking out situations that match their skills, shaping those situations so they can make optimal use of their skills |
| even more info on contextual intelligence | • & knowing when to change situations that better fit their talents. • Sternberg points out that while PI isn’t taught in school, it’s sometimes more important than analytical intelligence bc it enables people to get along successfully in the world. |
| What did howard gardner create? | Theory that there isn’t 1 intelligence but many, each of which is independent of the others. • He created the Multiple Intelligence Theory. |
| more info on Howard Gardner | Gardner is similar to Thurstone in terms of 7 distinct abilities being independent from each other. Gardner has 8:math, linguistic, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, intErpersonal, intrApersonal, & naturalistic. First 4 are self explanatory. |
| What is kinesthetic intelligence?By howard gardner | Ability to manipulate one’s body in space; a skilled athlete shows high levels of this kind of intelligence. |
| What is intErpersonal intelligence?by howard gardner | People who are extraordinarily talented at understanding & communicating w/others such as teachers & parents. Relate to others |
| What is intrApersonal intelligence?by howard gardner | : Reflects ancient adage “know thyself” people who understand themselves & who use this knowledge effectively to attain their goals |
| What is naturalistic intelligence? by howard gardner | Reflects on individual’s ability to understand, relate to, & interact with the world of nature. Understanding patterns in the natural world |
| What is spatial intelligence? by howard gardner | Read a map/packing luggage into a car |
| more info on Howard Gardner | • Gardner’s approach is influential bc he emphasizes the unique abilities that each person possesses. |
| much more info on Howard Gardner | • He notes that the different forms of intelligence often have different values placed on them by different cultures. Ex: Native American culture places a much higher value on naturalistic intelligence than American Culture. |
| some more info on Howard Gardner | • Bc we have unique patterns of strengths & weaknesses in separate abilities, he thinks that education should be designed to suit the profile of abilities demonstrated by each child. |
| What did Daniel Goleman create?/info | Psychologist created Theory of Emotional Intelligence. • EI: refers to how effectively people perceive & understand their own emotions & the emotions of others, & can manage their emotional behavior. |
| More info on Daniel Goleman | • Goleman was puzzled by the fact that people with high IQ sometimes failed in life, whereas those w/more modest Intellectual skills prosper |
| Even more info on Daniel Goleman | • He contends that one-reason IQ tests sometimes fail to predict success accurately is that they don’t take into account a person’s emotional competence. |
| What are the 5 traits for Daniel Goleman's Emotional Quotient? | 1. knowing my emotions 2. managing my emotions 3. using emotions to motivate myself 4. recognizing emotions of other people 5. managing relationships |
| What is the Binet-Simon Scale? | The first test of intelligence developed for testing children. Created by Alfred Binet, designed for the French public school system |
| More info on Binet-Simon scale: | • First scale was issued in 1905, consisted of 30 tests in order of increasing difficulty. • In 1908, enough kids were tested to predict how the average child would perform at each age level. |
| even more info on binet-simon scale | • Creation was designed to place children in proper grades • Binet then created the concept of Mental Age |
| What is mental age? | : For ex: A child scores as well as an average 4 year old has a mental age of 4, etc. |
| LM Terman | He created the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale in 1916 at Stanford. |
| What is the STANFORD-BINET intelligence scale? | Done at Stanford University by LM Terman/published in 1916. It emphasizes verbal skills, it’s also the most common test given/most popular |
| more info on the S-B-IS | • Starts at school age, ends at 18 bc it is meant for school placement for kids • We use the normal bell curve to estimate adult IQ’s • Updated 4x since creation(culturally, bias, gender bias |
| even more info on the S-B-IS | • Measures 4 kinds of mental abilities( abstract/visual reasoning, quantitive reasoning, verbal reasoning, STM) • Administered individually |
| Intelligence Quotient, what is it? | A numerical value given to intelligence that is determined from the scores on an intelligence test, the average IQ is 100 |
| What is the step by step process to find the IQ? | 1. Determining the mental age 2. Dividing the mental age by the person’s chronological age 3. Then multiplying it by 100. |
| example of an IQ | Ex: a 5 year old with a mental age of 6….6/5=120 IQ |
| What is the Wechsler Intelligence Scale-III(WAIS-III)? | Created by David Wechsler in 1939. An individual intelligence test developed especially for adults; it yields verbal, performance, & full scale IQ scores. |
| more info on the WAIS-III | • David wanted a test that consists more in the ability to handle life situations than in solving verbal/abstract problems. • Divided into 2 parts: verbal skills, performance skills |
| What are verbal skills for the WAIS-III test? | verbal skills includes a test of info, math, & comprehension. All verbal skill tests require a verbal response. |
| What is the performance test related to the WAIS-III? | : Measures routine nonverbal tasks such as find the missing part, copying patterns, & arranging 3-5 pics so they tell a story |
| What is the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III(WISC-III)? | An individual intelligence test developed especially for school-aged children; it yields verbal performance & full scale IQ scores. |
| info on all Wechsler tests | The Wechsler tests were developed after the Simon Binet tests. • WAIS-III=adult, WISC-III=for children, WPPSI=preschool. • They produce 3 scores verbal( vocab, math, etc). |
| more info on all wechsler tests | • Performance – picture completion, object assembly, total score-combination of above. • Speed and accuracy affect the score |
| Info on Individualized tests | Stanford-Binet, the WAIS-III, and the WISC-III examiner takes person to an isolated rm, from 30-90 min giving the test, then they grade it, the test is costly, time consuming, the examiner’s behavior may greatly influence the score |
| What are group tests? | Intelligence tests given to many people at a time. They’re written, and completed in a certain amount of time |
| what are adv/disadvanatges of group tests? | Advantages are: they eliminate bias on the part of the examiner, grading is quicker, & norms are easier to establish. Disadvantage: examiner is less likely to notice whether a person is tired, ill, or confused by the directions. |
| more info related to group tests | • People who aren’t used to being tested do less well on group tests than individual tests. • Also emotionally disturbed children & children w/learning disabilities do better on individual tests than group tests. |
| What is a performance test? | Intelligence tests, that minimize the use of language. Seguin Form Board and Porteus maze are examples of performance tests |
| Seguin Form board test | devised in 1866 to test people with mental retardation, form of test is a puzzle. |
| Porteus maze test | more recent performance test, people have to trace through a maze w/out lifting the pencil from the paper, the test taker must pay close attention to a task for an extended period /& plan ahead in order to make the correct choices to solve the maze. |
| What are the Bayley scales of infant development? | For infants 1 month-3.5 years, it has 3 scales |
| one of the three scales | 1 test does perception, memory, & beginning of verbal communication |
| scales 2 & 3 of the bayley test | • Another test measures sitting, standing, walking, & manual dexterity. • Another test assess emotional, social, & personality development |
| more info on Bayley scales | • Bayley scales can detect early signs of sensory & neurological deficits, emotional difficulties, & home troubles |
| What are culture-fair tests? | : Intelligence test designed to reduce cultural bias by minimizing skills & values that vary from one culture to another |
| info on culture-fair tests | They minimize language. also try to downplay skills & values. Ex: the GoodEnough Harris Drawing test( test where I draw the best pic I can),drawings scored for proportions, correct, & complete of the drawing, detail, etc. Not rated on artistic talent. |
| What is Cattell's culture-fair intelligence test? | Combo of questions that demand verbal comprehension & specific cultural knowledge w/questions that are not tied to North American Culture. By comparing scores on the two kinds of questions, cultural factors can be isolated from general intelligence. |
| What is progressive matrices? | test consists of 60 designs, each with a section removed. The task is to find the missing section among 6-8 patterns. The test involves various logical relationships, requires discrimination, & can be given to 1 person or to a group. |
| What is the Theories of Info Processing? | • More intelligence = quicker computation of simple problems w/high IQ typically • More intelligence = more time analyzing a complex problem, but less time solving it. |
| What are biological theories? | • The amount of electrical activity in brain correlates w/scores on IQ tests • Higher intelligence correlates w/reduced levels of glucose metabolism during problem solving( smarter brains use less energy) |
| What is reliability? | Ability of a test to produce consistent & stable scores. In general people’s scores in intelligence tests are quite stable. |
| info on reliability | • To know if a test is reliable is to give the test to a group of people , then after a short time give the same people the same test again • If they get similar test scores, the test is said to have high test-retest reliability |
| more info on reliability | • Reliability coefficients on most tests are around a .90. Performance & Culture-fair tests are less reliable. |
| What is the practice effect? | Influence the past experience of taking a test, has on taking the same test again. To avoid this, different forms of the test are used. |
| what is the split-half reliabilty? | a method of determining test reliability by dividing the test into two parts & checking the agreement of scores on both parts. |
| What is correlation coefficients? | : Statistical measures of the degree of association between two variables( two sets of scores) • If a test is very consistent w/another test from another occasion, the CE is zero |
| What is validity? | Ability of a test to measure what it has been designed to measure. |
| What is content-validity? | A measure of validity, it refers to at least having an adequate sample of questions measuring the skills or knowledge it’s supposed to measure. |
| Examples of Content validity | • Ex: Stanford-Binet has some CV. But bc it focuses on verbal skills, the test may not adequately sample all aspects of intelligence equally well. • Ex: WAIS-III & WISC-III also have CV |
| info on content validity | • Intelligence tests don’t measure every type of mental ability, some tests focus on skills that other tests leave out • Each intelligence test emphasizes certain abilities more than others. Thus no intelligence test has a perfect CV. |
| what is criterion-related validity? | Another way of measuring a tests validity, is to determine the extent to which it correlates with other accepted measures of what is being tested. |
| ex of criterion-related validity | Ex: two rulers, one measures centimeters, the other inches, measurements should correspond with each other because both rulers measure one thing-length |
| Intelligence tests | : strongly correlate w/school grades, correlations between grades & intelligence tests typically range between .50 &.75. |
| Various performance & culture-fair tests | don’t predict school grades as well as other intelligence tests do. |
| What is the Flynn Effect? | The rising of IQ scores over time. Intelligence originally goes up by 3 points/decade, now it’s up to 6 points. |
| What does environmental heredity establish? | establishes a “ceiling” but may not be realized bc of the environment. •nourishment before & after birth •Surroundings-light stimulation, new experiences, etc •Skeels orphan study. |
| What is intellectual disability? | Significantly sub average intelligence combined w/deficiencies in adaptive behavior. •IQ below 70 & lacking skills for independence |
| What are hereditary causes of Intellectual disability? | • Unknown in most cases • Down Syndrome • PKU-a genetic disorder • Fragile X syndrome |
| What are environmental causes of Intellectual disability? | • Moms nutrition during pregnancy • Alcohol & drugs during pregnancy • Head trauma • Impoverished environment • Poor nutrition after birth |
| what are the 4 degrees of intellectual disability? | mild, moderate, severe, and profound |
| Mild , and Moderate intellectual disability | 50-70 IQ range, 6th grade learning level is mild 35-70 IQ range , 2nd grade learning level |
| Severe and Profound Intellecutal disability | 20-35 IQ range, learing level is late developing requires supervision w/simple tasks profound: below 20 IQ range, w/constant care |
| What is giftedness? | Refers to superior IQ combined w/demonstrated or potential ability in areas such as academic aptitude, creativity, & leadership. Causes of this are not fully understood. |
| Who discovered giftedness? | Lewis Terman 1920’s began the study of giftedness. • He conducted the first major research study in which giftedness was defined in terms of academic talent & measured by an IQ in the top 2% of the population. |
| more info on giftedness | • Currently giftedness includes not only a high IQ but creatively & motivation as well. • A common view of the gifted is that they have poor social skills & are emotionally maladjusted |
| What is creativity? | The ability to produce novel & socially valued ideas or objects. Can range from philosophy to painting, from music to mousetraps as long as they are novel & socially valued. |
| What is Threshold Theory? | In creativity, Intelligence is important up to an IQ f 110, above that the threshold is little between the relationship of IQ and Creativity |
| What are types of creativity tests? | Torrance test of Creative Thinking(TTCT), The Christensen-Guilford Test, the Remote Associates Test(RAT), and the Wallach & Kogan Creative Battery Test. |
| What is the Torance test of Creative thinking...TTCT? | requires a high IQ for a great performance, people are asked to explain what is happening in a picture, how the scene came about, & what its consequences are likely to be |
| what is the Christensen-Guilford test? | : asks people to list as many words containing a given letter possible; to name things belonging to a particular category (such as liquids that will burn), & to write 4 word sentences beginning with the letters RDLS “rainy days look sad”,etc |
| What is the Remote Associates Test..RAT? | by S.A. Mednick’s, asks people to give a single verbal response that relates to a set of three apparently unrelated words. Ex: poke, go, & molasses. Desired respose would be,slowpoke, go slow, slow as molasses |
| what is the Wallach & Kogan Creative Battery test? | Focuses on having the person from associative elements into new combinations that meet specific requirements. People w/low IQ can score well on this test. |
| current info on Creativity tests: | creativity tests don’t show a high degree of criterion-related validity, so measurements derived from them must be interpreted with caution |
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