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Psychology Ch.14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| people's typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving | personality |
| relatively enduring predisposition that influences our behavior across many situations | trait |
| approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behavior of all individuals | nomothetic approach |
| approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person | idiographic appraoch |
| investigation that allows researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits | molecular genetic study |
| the assumption that all psychological events have a cause | psychic determinism |
| reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression | id |
| tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification | pleasure principle |
| psyche's executive and principal decision maker | ego |
| tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet | reality principle |
| our sense of morality | superego |
| unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety | defense mechanisms |
| motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses | repression |
| motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences | denial |
| the act of returning psychologically to a younger, and typically simpler and safer, age | regression |
| transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite | reaction-formation |
| unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others | projection |
| directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target | displacement |
| providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviors or for failures | rationalization |
| process of adopting the characteristics of individuals we find threatening | identification with the aggressor |
| transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal | sublimation |
| sexually arousing zone of the body | erogenous zone |
| psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training | anal stage |
| psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals | phallic stage |
| conflict during phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals | Oedipus complex |
| conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals | Electra complex |
| psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious | latency stage |
| psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others | genital stage |
| theories derived from Freud's model, but that placed less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and were more optimistic regarding the prospects for long-term personality growth | neo-Freudian theories |
| according to Adler, each person's distinctive way of achieving superiority | style of life |
| feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation for such feelings | inferiority complex |
| according to Jung, our shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations | collective unconscious |
| cross-culturally universal symbols | archetype |
| theorists who emphasize thinking as a cause of personality | social learning theorists |
| tendency for people to mutually influence each other's behavior | reciprocal determinism |
| extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside of their control | locus of control |
| drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent | self-actualization |
| according to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behavior | conditions of worth |
| inconsistency between our personalities and innate dispositions | incongruence |
| statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures | factor analysis |
| five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures | Big Five |
| approach proposing that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language | lexical approach |
| paper-and-pencil test consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways | structured personality test |
| widely used structured personality test designed to assess symptoms of mental disorders | Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
| approach to building tests in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups, and examine which items best distinguish them | empirical method of test construction |
| extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring | face validity |
| approach to building tests that requires test developers to begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization | rational/theoretical method of test construction |
| test consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of | projective test |
| hypothesis that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, examinees project aspects of their personality onto the stimulus | projective hypothesis |
| projective test consisting of ten symmetrical inkblots | Rorschach Inkblot Test |
| extent to which a test contributes information beyond other, more easily collected, measures | incremental validity |
| projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures | Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
| psychological interpretation of handwriting | graphology |
| tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions as accurate | P.T. Barnum effect |
Created by:
rlhaas
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