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Psych Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is stress? | how we perceive and respond to events we find threatening or challenging |
| How would appraising a stressor as a challenge versus as a threat affect the stress response? | Challenge= aroused focus Threat= stressed to distraction |
| How do each of the following contribute to stress: catastrophes, life changes, and daily hassles? | catastrophes:most are threatened Life changes: young adults feel this the most Daily hassles:stress reflects daily events |
| With respect to physical stress responses, know the three stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome? | Alarm: gather resources Resistance: cope with stress Exhaustion: reserves depleted |
| What are emotional stress responses? | |
| What are cognitive stress responses? | |
| What are behavioral stress responses? | |
| What is coronary heart disease (CHD)? What is the association between stress and CHD? | CHD: clogging of vessels to heart, increased stress can increase chance of CHD |
| What are Type A and Type B personalities? Which is more prone to CHD and why? | A:competetive,anger prone, impatient B:relaxed, easy going type A is more prone |
| What is a psychophysiological illness? What is the effect of stress on the immune system? | any stress related illness/ stress weakens the immune system |
| How does social support help alleviate stress? (pp. 429-430) | calms cardiovascular system and lowers blood pressure |
| How do the following physical strategies help to manage stress: aerobic exercise, relaxation and meditation, and spirituality? (pp. 430-434) | exercise:reduce stress, depression, anxiety /Relaxation:headaches & anxiety decrease/Spirituality:religious people tend to live longer |
| What is personality? | An individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling,and acting |
| What is psychoanalysis? | Freud's theory that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts |
| What is free association? (p. 439) | person relaxes their mind and says whatever comes to mind |
| According to Freud, what is the unconscious? (pp. 439-440) | unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories |
| What are the id, ego, and superego? | id-operates on pleasure principle ego- mediates id, superego, and reality Superego- moral principles |
| What are defense mechanisms? | ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
| rationalization | self-justifying explanations in place of the real threatening reason for one's actions |
| projection | people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others |
| repression | banishes anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings and memories |
| How does Freud describe personality development? | Psychosexual stages Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency,Genital |
| When it comes to assessing the unconscious, what are projective tests? What is the Rorschach inkblot test? | an attempt to look at someones unconscious, people tell what they see in the inkblots |
| According to Abraham Maslow, what is self-actualization? | the process of fulfilling our potential |
| In Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered perspective, what are unconditional positive regard and self-concept? (pp. 448-449 | an attitude of grace in knowing are failures, and drop our pretenses without loss |
| What is a trait? | a characteristic pattern of behavior or disposition to feel and act |
| What are the two primary personality factors that Eysenck used in his theory? | |
| What is the MMPI personality inventory? | the most widely researched and clinically used personality test |
| What does it mean to say that a personality inventory is empirically-derived? | from a large pool of items |
| What are the “Big-Five” personality factors? | conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion |
| What is the Barnum Effect and how does it explain why people believe in horoscopes? | our tendency to accept most descriptions of our personality that are generally true of everyone |
| •With respect to the Social-Cognitive perspective, what is reciprocal determinism? (pp. 459-460) | the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and enciorment |
| What is personal control? Contrast external and internal locus of control. (p. 461 | the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless/ outside vs you = fate |
| •With respect to personal control, what is learned helplessness? (pp. 461-462 | the passive resignation learned when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |
| What is the spotlight effect? (p. 466) | when we think people will notice something we are conscious of more than they actually will |
| What is self-esteem? What are the benefits of self-esteem? (pp. 466-467 | ones feeling of low or high self worth/ high self esteem has many benefits to the individual |
| What is the definition of a psychological disorder? | distressful and dysfuncional patterns of thought feelings and actions |
| What is the medical model of mental disorders? (pp. 474-475) | psychological disorders have physical causes that can be cured or treated |
| What is the Biopsychosocial approach of mental illness? (p. 475) | biological, psychological, and social- cultural factors cause specific psychological disorders |
| What is the DSM-IV-TR? | a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders |
| What are the problems and benefits regarding the labeling of a person with a psychological disorder? | once labeled someone is always viewed with that title |
| What is a mood disorder? | psychological disorder characterized by emotional extremes |
| What is major depressive disorder? | feelings of depressed moods,feelings of worthlessness, and diminished pleasure or interest that last for two weeks or longer |
| What is a manic episode? | opposite of depression |
| What is bipolar disorder? | person alternates between manic and depressive moods |
| How do genetic influences explain mood disorders? (pp. 484-485) | mood disorders run in families |
| In looking at the social-cognitive perspective, how do the following help contribute to mood disorders: negative thoughts and negative moods interact, and the vicious cycle of depression? (pp. 487-489 | |
| What is schizophrenia? | Severely disturbed thoughts, emotions, perceptions and behaviors |
| delusions | False beliefs about reality persecution- person is target Grandeur- they are important |
| hallucinations | Sensory experiences not caused by actual stimuli |
| disorganized speech | saying things that don't make sense |
| inappropriate/flat emotions | explains itself |
| inappropriate actions | Catatonic- immobility Over activity or excitement waxy flexibility |
| Paranoid schizophrenia | delusions and hallucinations |
| Disorganized Schizophrenia | disorganized speech, flat or inappropriate affect |
| catatonic schizophrenia | inappropriate actions |
| undifferentiated schizophrenia | many and varied symptoms |
| residual schizophrenia | social withdraw after delusions/ hallucinations have disapeared |
| How might the following factors lead to schizophrenia: dopamine overactivity, abnormal brain activity and anatomy, and maternal virus during pregnancy? (pp. 494-496) | |
| What genetic factors exist for schizophrenia? (pp. 496-497) | schizophrenia is partially caused by genes |
| What is an anxiety disorder? | Distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety |
| What is PTSD? (pp. 501-502 | post traumatic stress disorder |
| How do the learning and biological perspectives explain anxiety disorders? (pp. 503-504) | we learn them by actions and observations or they are biologically designed for individuals survival |
| What is a dissociative disorder? What is dissociative identity disorder? | loss of memory or change in identity caused by extremely stressful situations |
| What is a personality disorder? What is antisocial personality disorder? | enduring behavior patterns that impair social funcioning |
| What is psychotherapy? | treatment involving psychological techniques |
| What is Freud’s psychoanalysis? Know the following psychoanalytic techniques: resistance, transference, and interpretation. | resistance:blocking of anxiety material/ interpretation: dream meaning and others to promote insight/Transference:transfer of of emotions linked with relationships |
| What is Rogers’ client-centered therapy? What is active listening? | use of active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to support client growth/ listener restates and clarifies |
| What is Behavior therapy? Know the following types of behavior therapies: systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning | learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors |
| What is cognitive therapy? | teaches people new more adaptive ways of thinking and acting |
| What is cognitive-behavioral therapy? (pp. 521-522) | combines cognitive and behavior therapy |
| What is family therapy? (p. 522) | therapy for the family as a system |
| When it comes to outcome research, is psychotherapy effective? (pp. 524-525) | yes |
| Are some therapies more effective than others? (pp. 525-526 | yes for specific people and situations |
| What is psychopharmacology? (p. 534; definition on p. 535) | study of drugs on mind and behavior |
| Be familiar with the general uses for each of the following categories of drugs: antipsychotics, antianxiety drugs, antidepressants, and mood-stabilizing drugs. (pp. 535-537) | antipsychotics:lessen irrelevant stimuli/ |
| What is electroconvulsive therapy and when is it primarily used? (pp. 538-539) | used to treat depression when drugs are not effective |
| What is conformity? (p. 553) | giving into the majority |
| What are normative and informational social influences? (p. 554 | we don't want to be rejected/ we are presented with evidence to change our opinion |
| Understand the concept of obedience and know how Milgram demonstrated the power of obedience in his study involving the supposed shocking of another person (pp. 554-557) | we accept authority without question |
| Know the following: social facilitation, social loafing, and deindividuation. (pp. 558-559) | Social loafing:individuals exert less effort in a group than if working alone/deindividuation:loss of self awareness and restraint while in a group |
| What is social psychology? | Scientific study of how we think about, influence & relate to one another |
| What is prejudice? | unjustified attitude toward a group |
| Even though Americans express much less gender and racial prejudice today, how do we still know that prejudice exists? | social inequalities and research groups |
| Know the following causes of prejudice: social inequalities/just-world phenomenon, ingroup bias, and scapegoat theory. | just-world phenomenon: people get what they deserve/ingroup bias:favor ones own group/ scapegoat theory:outlet for anger by blaming someone |
| What is aggression? (p. 569 | physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy |
| What is the frustration-aggression principle? (p. 571 | frustration leads to aggression |
| What is the influence of observational models of aggression? (pp. 572-575 | we learn aggression by observing it |
| What causes attraction to another? Know the following: proximity, physical attractiveness, and similarity. | proximity: geographical closeness Physical attractivness:appearance Similarity: similar views cause bond |
| What are passionate and companionate types of love? | passionate: intense absorption with one another Companionate: deep affectionate attachment |
| What is the bystander effect? (pp. 581-583) | any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present |
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zkline
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