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Psychology test 4
Ch. 12 and 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Personality | an individual's unique set of consistent behavioral traits |
| Personality Trait | a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations |
| Factor Analysis | correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables |
| Extraversion | outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive, and gregarious |
| Neuroticism | anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, and vulnerable |
| Openness to Experience | curiosity, flexibility, vivid fantasy, imaginativeness, artistic sensitivity, and unconventional attitudes |
| Agreeableness | sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest, straightforward |
| Conscientiousness | disciplined, well organized, punctual, and dependable |
| Psychodynamic Theories | include all the diverse theories, descended from the work of Sigmund Freud, that focus on unconscious mental forces |
| Id | primitive, instinctive component of personality that operate according to the pleasure principle |
| Pleasure Principle | demands immediate gratification of its urges |
| Primary-Process Thinking | what the id engages, primitive, illogical, irrational, and fantasy oriented |
| Ego | the decision making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle (works to take the the unbridled desires of the id) |
| Reality Principle | seeks to delay gratification of the id's urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found |
| Secondary-Process Thinking | engaged by the ego, strives to avoid negative consequences from society and its representatives |
| Superego | moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong |
| Conscious | consists or whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time |
| Preconscious | contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved |
| Unconscious | contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of the conscious but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior |
| Defense Mechanisms | largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt |
| Rationalization | creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior |
| Repression | keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious |
| Projection | attributing one's own thoughts, feelings or motives to another |
| Displacement | diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to substitute target |
| Reaction Formation | behaving in a way that's exactly opposite of one's true feelings |
| Regression | a reversion to immature patterns of behavior |
| Identification | bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group |
| Sublimation | when unconscious, unacceptable impulses are channeled into socially acceptable, perhaps even admirable, behaviors |
| Personal Unconscious | houses material that isn't within one's conscious awareness because is has been repressed or forgotten |
| Collective Unconscious | a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past |
| Archetypes | emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning |
| Striving for superiority | as a universal way to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges |
| Compensation | involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities |
| Inferiority Complex | exaggerated feelings of weakness |
| Behaviorism | a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior |
| Reciprocal Determinism | idea that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence ones behavior |
| Observable Learning | occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models |
| Model | a person whose behavior is observed by another |
| Self efficiency | refers to one's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should leave to expected outcomes |
| Humanism | theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth |
| Self Concept | a collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior |
| Incongruence | the degree of disparity between one's self concept and one's actual experience |
| Hierarchy of Needs | a systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused |
| Self Actualization | the need to fulfill one's potential |
| Self Actualizing Persons | people with exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by continued personality growth |
| Biological Perspectives | behavior is largely determined by evolutionary adaptations, the wiring of the brain, and heredity |
| Narcissism | a personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance, a need for attention and admiration, a sense of entitlement, and tendency to exploit others |
| Terror Management Theory | explain why people need self-esteem |
| Mortality Salience | degree to which subjects mortality is prominent in their minds |
| Individualism | involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships |
| Collectivism | involves putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of groups one belongs to |
| Self Enhancement | involves focusing on positive feedback from others, exaggerating one's strength, and seeing oneself in as above average |
| Self Report Inventories | personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior |
| Projective Test | ask participants to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal the subject's needs, feelings, and personality traits |
| Medical Model | proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease |
| Thomas Szasz's theory | disease or illness can affect only the body; hence there can be no mental illness...minds can be sick only in the sense that joke or economies are sick |
| Diagnosis | involves distinguishing one illness from another |
| Etiology | refers to the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness |
| Prognosis | is a forecast about the probable course of an illness |
| Deviance | behavior deviates from what their society considers acceptable |
| Maladaptive Behavior | everyday adaptive behavior is impaired |
| Personal Distress | people who are troubled by depression or anxiety disorder |
| Value Judgments | reflect prevailing cultural values, social trends, and political forces as well as knowledge |
| Comorbidity | the coexistence of two or more disorders |
| Epidemiology | the study of the distribution of mental of physical disorders in a population |
| Prevalence | refers to the percentage of the population that exhibit a disorder during a specified time period |
| Anxiety Disorders | class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | marked by chronic, high levels of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat |
| Phobic Disorder | marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that present no realistic danger |
| Panic Disorder | characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly |
| Agoraphobia | a fear of going out in public places |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | marked by persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in senseless rituals |
| Post-traumatic Stress Disorder | involves enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event |
| Concordance Rate | indicates the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder |
| Inhibited Temperament | shyness, timidity, and wariness and appears to have a strong genetic base |
| Mowers Theory of Conditioning and Learning | an originally neutral stimulus may be paired with a frightening event so that it becomes a conditioned stimulus eliciting anxiety |
| Seligman's Theory | preparedness - the idea that people are biologically prepared by their evolutionary history to acquire some fears much more easily than others |
| Ohman and Mineka Theory | Evolved module for fear learning - module is automatically activated by stimuli related to past survival threats in evolutionary history |
| Dissociative Disorders | disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity |
| Dissociative Amnesia | sudden loss of memory for important personal info that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting (single traumatic events of for an extended period of time surrounded the events) |
| Dissociative Fugue | people lose their memory for their entire lives along with their sense of personal identity (forget their name, family, where they live, where they work) |
| Dissociate Identity Disorder | involves the coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete, and usually different personalities (multiple personality disorder) |
| Mood Disorders | disorders marked by emotional disturbances of varied kinds that may spill over to disrupt physical, perceptual, social, and thought process |
| Unipolar Mood Disorders | experience emotional extremes as just one end of the mood continuum (Depression) |
| Bipolar Mood Disorders | vulnerable to emotional extremes at both ends of the mood continuum |
| Major Depressive Disorder | people show persistent feelings of sadness and despair and loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure |
| Anhedonia | diminished ability to experience pleasure |
| Schizophrenic Disorders | disorders marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and deterioration of adaptive behavior |
| Delusions | false beliefs that are maintained even though they clearly are out of teach with reality |
| Delusions of grandeur | people think they are famous or important |
| Hallucinations | sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of a real, external stimulus or are gross distortions of perceptual input |
| Paranoid Schizophrenia | dominated by delusions of persecution, along with delusions or grandeur |
| Catatonic Schizophrenia | marked by striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity |
| Disorganized Schizophrenia | a particularly severe deterioration or adaptive behavior seen |
| Undifferentiated Schizophrenia | marked by idiosyncratic mixtures of schizophrenic symptoms |
| Negative Schizophrenic Symptoms | involves behavior deficits, such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention, and poverty of speech |
| Positive Symptoms | involves behavioral excess or peculiarities, such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and wild flights of ideas |
| Dopamine Hypothesis | asserts that dopamine activity is the neurochemical basis for schizophrenia |
| Expressed Emotion | the degree to which a relative of patient displays highly critical or emotionally overinvolved attitudes toward the patient |
| Personality Disorders | disorders marked by extreme inflexible personality traits that cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functioning |
| Categorical Diagnostic Approach | assumes that people can reliably be placed in nonoverlappping diagnostic categories, which really isn't the case for personality disorders |
| Dimensional Diagnostic Approach | particularly strong for the personality disorders |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder | marked by impulsive, callous, manipulative, aggressive, and irresponsible behavior that reflects a failure to accept social norms |
| Inanity | legal status indicating that person can't be held responsible for his or her actions because of a mental illness |
| Involuntary Commitment | people are hospitalized in psychiatric facilities against their will |
| Relativistic Views | argue that the criteria of mental illness vary greatly across cultures |
| Pancultural Views | argue that the criteria of mental illness are much the same around the world and that basic standards or normality are universal across cultures |
| Culture-Bound Disorders | abnormal syndromes found only in a few cultural groups |
| Eating Disorders | severe disturbances in eating behavior characterized by preoccupation with weight and unhealthy efforts to control weight |
| Anorexia Nervosa | involves intense fear of gaining weight, distorted body image, refusal to maintain normal weight, and use of dangerous measures to lose weight |
| Restricting Type of Anorexia | drastically reduce food intake |
| Binge-eating/Purging Type of Anorexia | attempt to lose weight by forcing themselves to vomit after meals, by misusing laxatives and diuretics, and by engaging in excessive exercise |
| Bulimia Nervosa | habitually engaging in out of control overeating followed by unhealthy compensatory efforts such as self-induced vomiting, fasting, abuse of laxatives and diuretics and excessive exercise |
| Binge-eating Disorder | involves distress-inducing eating binges that are not accompanied by purging like bulimia |
| Representativeness Heuristic | basing the estimated probability of an event of how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event |
| Conjunction fallacy | occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone |
| Availability Heuristic | which is basing the estimated probability of an events on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind |
Created by:
ebobbitt29
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