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Antibiotics1+2
Ch.38,39
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is empiric therapy? | the antibiotic selected is one that can best kill the microorganisms known to be the most common causes of infection |
| What type of therapy is it when the results of culture and sensitivity testing are available, and the antibiotic therapy is then tailored to treat the identified organism by using the most narrow-spectrun, least toxic drug based on sensitivity results? | definitive therapy |
| What is prophylactic antibiotic therapy? | if someone is likely to attain dangerous microbial contamination, they are administered antibiotics to prevent infection |
| What is a superinfection? | when antibiotics reduce or completely eliminate the normal bacterial flora. When these bacteria or fungi are killed other bacteria or fungi are permitted to take over and cause infection. |
| What is empiric therapy? | the antibiotic selected is one that can best kill the microorganisms known to be the most common causes of infection |
| Are sulfonamides bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic? | bacteriostatic |
| What type of therapy is it when the results of culture and sensitivity testing are available, and the antibiotic therapy is then tailored to treat the identified organism by using the most narrow-spectrun, least toxic drug based on sensitivity results? | definitive therapy |
| What is prophylactic antibiotic therapy? | if someone is likely to attain dangerous microbial contamination, they are administered antibiotics to prevent infection |
| What gram of bacteria do sulfanomides fight against? | gram positive and negative |
| What is a superinfection? | when antibiotics reduce or completely eliminate the normal bacterial flora. When these bacteria or fungi are killed other bacteria or fungi are permitted to take over and cause infection. |
| What do sulfanomides often treat? | UTI's |
| What are the four most common mechanisms of antibiotic action? | 1. interference with bacterial cell wall synthesis 2. interference with protein synthesis. 3. Interference with replication of nucleic acids 4. antimetabolite action that disrupts critical metabolic reactions inside the bacterial cells. |
| What strains do sulfanomides often fight? | enterobacter, e.coli, klebsiella, proteus mirabilis, proteus vulgaris, s. aureus |
| Are sulfonamides bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic? | bacteriostatic |
| Contraindications of sulfanomides? | "sulfa allergy". |
| What gram of bacteria do sulfanomides fight against? | gram positive and negative |
| What is the main drug from the sulfanomide class? | slfamethoxazole (Bactrim) |
| What do sulfanomides often treat? | UTI's |
| What are the four major subclasses of beta-lactum antibiotics? | penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactums. |
| What strains do sulfanomides often fight? | enterobacter, e.coli, klebsiella, proteus mirabilis, proteus vulgaris, s. aureus |
| Are penecillins bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic? | bacteriocidal |
| Contraindications of sulfanomides? | "sulfa allergy". |
| What are the adverse effects of sulfanomides? | photosensitivity, hematologic complications (agranulocytosis), N&V, convulsions, crystalliuria, |
| What is the main drug from the sulfanomide class? | slfamethoxazole (Bactrim) |
| What are the four major subclasses of beta-lactum antibiotics? | penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactums. |
| Are penecillins bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic? | bacteriocidal |
| What type of bacteria does penecillin effect? | gram negative and gram positive and anaerobic |
| What does an allergy to penecillin specifically cause? | angioedema, N&V, diarrhea |
| What are some medications that interact with penecillin that you should be aware of? | NSAID's, oral contraceptives, and coumadin |
| What is an example of natural penecillins? | penicillin G and V |
| what is an example of penicillin resistant penicillin? | nafcillin |
| What are some examples of aminopenicillins? | amoxicillin, ampicillin |
| How many classes of cephalosporins are there? | 5 |
| What are first generation cephalosporins active against? | gram positive, and limited activity agains gram negative |
| What are the currently available first gen cephalosporins? | cefadroxil , cefazolin (Ancef), cephalexin (Keflex), cephradine. |
| When do you give first gen cephalosporins? | pre hip surgery |
| What do second gen cephalosporins cover against? | gram positive and are similar to first gen except they have an enhanced gram negative effect |
| What are some examples of second generation cephalosporins? | cefaclor, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, cefotetan, cefprozil, loracarbef. |
| What cephalosporin is used extensively as a prophylactic antibiotic in patients undergoing abdominal surgery? | cefoxitin (mefoxin) |
| what are some of the third generation cephalosporins? | cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone. |
| What do third gen cephalosporins fight against? | gram negative mostly, but they generally have less activity than first and second generation drugs against gram positive organisms. |
| What are some characteristics of ceftriaxone (Rocephin)? | extremely long acting that can only be given once a day for the treatment of most infections. It passes easily through the BBB, and treats meningitis. |
| what are some characteristics of ceftazidime? | treats gram neg bacteria such as pseudomonas and resistance is beginning to limit it's usefulness |
| What are some fourth gen cephalosporins? | cefepime (maxipime) : a broad spectrum antibiotic that is used for complicated UTI's |
| What is the 5th gen and newest cephalosporin? | ceftobiprole : effective agains MRSA and pseudomonas |
| What are some characteristics of carbapenems? | broadest antibacterial action of any antibiotics to date, one hazard is drug-induced seizure activity |
| What is an example of a carbapenems? | imipenem/cilastatin (Primaxin) |
| What are some characteristics of imipenem/cilastatin (Primaxin)? | indicated for the treatment of bone, joint, skin and soft tissue infections; bacterial endocarditis, |
| What is the only monobactam antibiotic? | aztronam (azactam) |
| What is aztronam primarily active against? | anaerobic, gram negative bacteria |
| What are the four main macrolid antibiotics? | azithromycin, clarithromycin, dirithromycin, and erythromycin. |
| How do macrolides work? | inhibit protein synthesis |
| What type of infections do macrolides work on? | treats upper and lower respiratory tract infections, c diff and h. pylori |
| What is the only ketolide? What has it been associated with? | telithromycin (Ketek) and it has been associated with severe liver damage, and it's use is very limited |
| Are tetracyclines bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal? | bacteriostatic |
| How do tetracyclines work? | inhibit protein synthesis, inhibit the growth of and kill a very wide range of organisms. gram pos and gram neg. |
| What are some adverse effects of tetracycline? | disocloration of the permanent teeth and tooth enamel hypoplasia in both fetuses and children and possible retard fetal skeletal development if taken during pregancy. It also causes an alteration of the intestinal and vaginal flora which N&V |
| What do tetracyclines interact with? | antacids, antidiarrheal drugs, dairy products, calcium, enteral feedings, and iron preparations. |
| WHat are som examples of tetracyclines? | demeclocycline, doxycyline, and tigecycline, |
| What should you do before administering antibiotics? | take cultures before treating, and monitor the liver levels. |
| What should you avoid eating when taking penecillins and macrolides? | Avoid juices because acidic fluids nullify the drug's antibacterial action. |
| Which drugs should you never take alcohol with? | cephalosporins or bactrim. |
| When do you use aminoglycosides? | during virulent infections. For serious gram negative infections. |
| What is ototoxicity? | toxicity of the ears |
| what is nephrotoxicity | toxicity to the kidneys |
| what do you measure for nephrotoxicity? | peaks and troughs of the drugs. |
| what are some examples of aminoglycosides? | amikacin (amikin), gentamicin (garamycin) tobramycin (nebcin), neomycin (neo-fradin) |
| How do quinolones work? | destroy bacteria by altering their DNA |
| When are quinolones indicated? | They are indicated for gram negative coverage, and makes them suitabe for treating complicated UTI's, respiratory, skin, GI, bone, and joint infections, and std's. |
| Why do quinolones have a black box warning? | because it causes tendonitis and rupture with the use of the drug. |
| What is an example of a quinolone? | ciproflaxacin (cipro), levofloxacin (levaquin) |
| What are some adverse effects of quinolones? | headache, rash, pruritis, uticaria, photosensitivity, flusing, ruptured tendons, and tendonitis, fever chills, blurred vision, tinnitus |
| What are some other antibiotics? | clindamycin, linezolid (Zyvox), metronidazole (flagyl), nitrofurantoin (macrodantin), quinupristin and dalfopristin (synercid), vancomycin (vancocin):which causes RED MAN syndrome), daptomycin (cubicin), and colistimethate (coly -mycin) |
Created by:
rachelrobb92
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