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cardiology 4rm book
cardiology 4rm the book
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Phase 0 | -rapid Depolarization phase,represents upstoke of the action potential-*fast Na++ channels open,permits rapid entry of Na++ |
| Phase 1 | -Early repolarization phase,*fast Na++ channels close, K+ continues to be lost |
| Phase 2 | -Plateau Phase,prolonged repolarizationm *-Ca enters cells which initiates contraction |
| Phase 3 | -Terminal phase of rapid repolarization, inside returns to negative and resting state *slow Ca channels close and increase permeability of K+ outwards |
| Phase 4 | -period between action potentials,excess of Na + inside and K+ outside, turns on pump, returns negative |
| Refractory Period (resting period) | cells are incapable of repeating a particular action-ensures the the muscle is fully relaxed before another contraction can occur |
| Absolute refractory period | the cardiac muscle vell cannot respond to any stimulation |
| Relative refractory period | the cell can be stimulated |
| Reentry | reactivation of myocardial tissue fir the second time by the same impulse |
| Lead I positive lead is at | Left arm |
| Lead II posotive lead is at | Left leg |
| Lead III positive lead is at | Left leg |
| U wave | reprsents the repolarization of the purkinje fibers and may also be associated with electrolyte imbalances, such as quinidine |
| p wave duration | 0.10 or less |
| PR interval duration | 0.12-0.20 sec |
| QRS complex duration | 0.08-0.10- 2 to 2 and a half small squares |
| Q wave represents what | depolarization of the interventricular septum or a pathological change |
| R prime | the second R wave that is taller than the 1st |
| J point | The point at which it takes off from the QRS complex |
| ST segment | the early phase of repolarization of the right and left ventricles |
| QT interval | measured from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave |
| S1 | 1st heart sound-occurs during closure of the AV valves during vent systole |
| S2 | 2nd heart sounds-closure of the aortic and pulmonic valve |
| S3 | may indicate heart failure |
| S4 | extra heart sound heard in late diastole, just before S1-associated with atrial contractions, often in CHF pts |
| Acute Coronary Syndrome | most common cause of sudden death-Acute MI and Unstable angina |
| Stable Angina | from physical excertion of stree,pain lasta 1-5 min |
| Unstable Angina (preinfarction Angina) | during light exercise or at rest- pain lasts 10 mins or longer |
| according to AHA which class of med has no evidence of benefit | Class III |
| The heart lies between which ribs | the base at the 2nd and the apex at the 6th |
| valves open due to | pressure changes |
| LCA supplies how much blood to the myocardium | 85% |
| Great cardiac Vein | drains anterior heart |
| Middle cardiac vein | drains posterior heart |
| Coronary Sinus | coolects blood fromo the great and middle cardica vein, into the right atrium |
| Anastomoses (collateral arteries) | provides alternate rpute for blood flow |
| Coronary circulation supplies | 200-250 mls of blood to the heart |
| Stroke volume depends on what | 1.preload,2.contractility,3.afterload |
| Starlings Law | more muscle stretched, the greater force of contraction |
| Afterload is also called | End systolic wall stress or resistance |
| Afterload also known as what | 1.Diastolic pressure,2.Systemic vascular resistance,3.peripheral vascular resistance |
Created by:
rebeccabelleth
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