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PSY 201: Chapter 9
Language and Thought
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Language | A system for communicating with others using signals that are combined according to rules of grammar and convey meaning |
| Grammar | A set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages |
| Phoneme | The smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than as random noise |
| Phonological rules | A set of rules that indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds |
| Morphemes | The smallest meaningful units of language |
| Morphological rules | A set of rules that indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words |
| Syntactical rules | A set of rules that indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences |
| Deep structure | The meaning of a sentence |
| Surface structure | How a sentence is worded |
| Fast mapping | The fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure |
| Telegraphic speech | Speech that is devoid of function morphemes and consists mostly of content words |
| Nativist theory | The view that language development is best explained as an innate, biological capacity |
| Language acquisition device (LAD) | A collection of processes that facilitate language learning |
| Genetic dysphasia | A syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence |
| Aphasia | Difficulty in producing or comprehending language |
| Linguistic relativity hypothesis | The proposal that language shapes the nature of thought |
| Concept | A mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli |
| Family resemblance theory | Members of a category have features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member |
| Prototype | The "best" or "most typical" member of a category |
| Exemplar theory | A theory of categorization that argues that we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category |
| Category-specific deficit | A neurological syndrome that's categorized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category though the ability to recognize objects outside the category is undisturbed |
| Rational choice theory | The classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two |
| Availability bias | Items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently |
| Heuristic | A fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does not guarantee that a solution will be reached |
| Algorithm | A well-defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to a problem |
| Conjunction fallacy | When people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event |
| Representativeness heuristic | A mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event |
| Framing effects | When people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased (or framed) |
| Sunk-cost fallacy | A framing effect in which people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation |
| Prospect theory | The proposal that people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains |
| Frequency format hypothesis | The proposal that our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur |
| Means-end analysis | A process of searching for the means or steps to reduce differences between the current situation and the desired goal |
| Analogical problem solving | Solving a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution and applying that solution to the current problem |
| Functional fixedness | The tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed |
| Reasoning | A mental activity that consists of organizing information or beliefs into a series of steps to reach conclusions |
| Practical reasoning | Figuring out what to do |
| Theoretical reasoning | Reasoning directed toward arriving at a belief |
| Belief bias | People's judgments about whether to accept conclusions depend more on how believable the conclusions are than on whether the arguments are logically valid |
| Syllogistic reasoning | Determining whether a conclusion follows from two statements that are assumed to be true |
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