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Emotions and psych
Understanding Emotions Ch 1-14
| Questions | Answers |
|---|---|
| Contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of | behavior and mental processes |
| The first official psychological institute was founded in the year __ by __ | 1879; Wundt |
| "Understanding the world consists of discovering how it functions as a unified whole and how its parts are integrated into the functioning of the whole" is which World Hypothesis? | Organicism |
| A proposition that is not susceptible of proof or disproof but whose truth iis assumed to be self-evident is referred to as a(n) | axiom |
| After the horror of 9/11, many pople said the CIA and FBI should obviously have forseen the likelihood of this form of terrorism. This perception most clearly illustrates: | The hindsight bias |
| A hypothesis is a | testable prediction that gives direction to research |
| Bob scored 43/70 in his psych exam. He was worried until he found out most of the class earned the same score. Bob's score was equal to the: | mode |
| In order to represent graphically the correlation between two variables, reaserches often construct a: | scatterplot |
| If the correlation between physical weight and reading ability of elementary school students is +.85, this would indicate that | better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight among elementary school students |
| In a psychological experiment, the potentially causal factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the | independant variable |
| Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates are unusually hostile, in fact, Abdul is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the school. According to psychoanalytic theory, Abdul's belief that his classmates are hostile is a: | Projection |
| Neo-Freudian personality theorists were most likely to disagree with Freud about the importance of | childhood sexual instincts |
| According to Freud, boys are most likely to experience the Oedipus complex during the | phallic stage |
| Nussbaum (1986) has argued that what Aristotle called katharsis meant | clarification |
| Freud suggested that slips of the tounge illustrate an incomplete | repression |
| Accoring to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the | ego to prevent threatening impulses from being conciously recognized |
| Janine is repulsed by the thought of watching a pornographic video. Freud would have attributed these feelings to Janine's | Superego |
| We see a bear in the woods. Which of the following statements most accurately represents James' account of why we feel fear: | We percieve the changes of our body as we react |
| According to Freud, the unconsious is | the thoughts, feelings and memories of which we are largely unaware |
| For James, the spiritual self cpnsists of | the person's states of conciousness and emotions |
| According to William Stern's intensisty curve of feelings, the sequence of actions follow: | The threshold of becoming aware, the perception of feelings before action, then the realizationand action or vise versa |
| When facing the interviewer while watching an unpleasent film clip of nasal surgery, Japanses subjects smiled more often than Americans. This demonstrates differences in | display rules |
| The United States is predominately referred to as a __ society, whereas Japan has come to be known as a __ society. | individualist/ collectivist |
| What makes Mikihachiro Tatara's concept of Japanses ego-skin so different from the Western core-Ego sphere? | The ego-skin is selective to the social situation at hand |
| If we believe Kurt Lewin's model of personality structures, we may assume that access to a group of people is easier when they are: | U-type personalities |
| According to the textbook: on the tiny Pacific atoll of Ifaluk, the most valued emotion is | fago |
| __ Believe that fundamental emotions occur in all humans; __ beliebe that emotions are specific to the cultures in which they occur. | Universalists/ relativists |
| According to the textbook, emotions that are emphasized in a particualr culture are __, by contrast, emotions that seem to occur rarely or not at all are __. | hypercognized/ hypocognized |
| In a mulit-cultural study on the experience of four basic emotions, Scherer and colleagues (1988) found that European, Japanese, and U.S. subjects reported to percieve some emotions as longer, and others as shorter lasting. This is the duration interval: | (shortest to longest lasting) fear, anger, joy, sadness |
| Amae can be roughly translated into the emotion of | interdependance |
| For Charles Darwin, emotional expressions | are derived from habits which in or evolutionary past had once been useful |
| Darwin used the following evidence to argue that humans decendd from lower order species | similar emotional expresions (such as uncovering teth when angry) |
| Accoridng to Plutchik's psychoevolutionary classifiation of emotions, | different emotions can cmbine to produce an even wider range of emotional experiences |
| Intrasexual competition is distinct from intersexual competition in that the former requires | competition within a sex for access to mates |
| Examples of one type of emotional communication flirting, include all of the following behaviors: | men roling sholders and aising arms to display status, women flicking hair and swaying hips, and accidental "bumps" between partners, checking for signs of delight or disgust |
| As discussed in class,the bst definition of natural election should be | the principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those that do not hinder reproduction andsurvival will most likely be passed on to succeding generations. |
| According to Ekman an Friesen, what is an example of an emblem? | Peace Sign |
| Nervous behaviors people engage in to apparently release nervous energy is an example of a | self-adapter |
| What are the critiques of th hypothesis of universal facial expressons? | gradient critique, forced choice critique and ecological validity critique |
| Four vial functions of human touch include: | soothng; signals safety; reinforcing reciprocity; proiding pleasure |
| Wilhelm Wundt's tridimensional theory of feelings states that any feeling can be described in terms of the degree to which they possess three qualities. Name the three | Excitement-Calm / Strain- Relaxation / Pleasentness-Unpleasentness |
| What are the core-thesies of Ganzheitpsychologie? | structure, development and feelings |
| Characterizing a brand new car as "alert" is an example of | physiognomic perception |
| "Wherever development occurs, it proceeds from a state of relative globality and lack of differentiation to a state of increasing differentiation, articulation, and hierarchical integration." This concept has become known as Heinz Werner's | Orthogenetic Principle |
| The transformational structures of an emotion theory states that each emotion involves | a situation; transformation of person/environment; an instruction; advancement of personal values. |
| __ approaches emphasize that unique appraisals give rise to different emotions. | Discrete |
| Numerous critiques have been generated in response to studying appraisal retrospecively, including how: | it is not clear if concious assesments of appraisal pertain to more spontanious, rapid appraisals in the moment that produce the emotion. |
| Based on your reading on Heimweh, how would it be classified? | Heimweh is a particular form of Sehnsucht |
| According to Frijda, each emotion follows a set of stages: | Appraisal; context evaluation; action readiness; psychological change/expression/action |
| The fundamental attribution error involves | underestimating the situtational contraints on another's behaviour |
| William James was famous for his theory of emotion which claimd that | emotionally exciting fcts elicit bodily responses which lead to the experience of an emotion |
| Which are critiques against Jaes'autonomic specifity by Cannon? | responses of the autonoic nervous ystem are too non-specific to account for all emotions; responses are too slow for our fast emotions; responses are not specific to emotions and can occur in other states (such as illness) |
| The two-factor theory of emotion posits that | how people contrue emotional situtions is often a rich source to understanding their emotional experience, that psysiological arousal is often udffrentited and the ame psysiological arousal can be nterpreted differently (leading to different experiences) |
| In a famous study conducted by Schachterand Singer found that: | injecting partcipants with adrenaline produced euphoria for some participants and anger in others depending on the behaior of the accomplice. |
| The sympathetic branch of the nervous system deals with | engagement of physically demanding processes, such as increasing heart rate and blood pressure |
| In one expeiement, bth executive rats and subordinate rats recieved identical eectric shocks, the only difference eing whether the shocks could be | controlled |
| Fridja's notion of action readiness claims that | sypathetic activation ofte serves to mobilize the organizm for radiness to fight or flee |
| ccording to MacLean, the human brain developed through eolution in the following order: | Striatalregion, limbic systm, neocortx |
| As was shown during the fil on fear, the "Thalamus-Amygdala" roue can be referred to s the __,whereas the "Sensory Cortex- Amygdala" route an be referred to as __. | Low road/ high road |
| Based on the class lectures, which of the following would be the bet piece of adice to offer a person who is trying to minimize the adverse effects of stress on his/her health? | "Maintain a snse of control and a positive approach to life" |
| Reaserch in Cannon's labrotory in the 1920's indicated that cats deprived of their neocortex were liable to make sudden, inappropriate and ill-directed attacks. This phenomenon was called | sham rage |
| Evidence that oxytocin is associated with social bonding cmes from studies finding that | oxytocin release during the occurance of love displays, but not desire |
| neuroscientists have discoveed mirror neurons in the __ lobe adjacent to the __ cortex | frontal / motor |
| X-ray photographs of the brain are necessary to produce a | CT scan |
| The right brain hemisphere is superior to the left at | recognizing people's faces |
| Pavlov noticed that dogsbegan salivatingat the mere sightof the person who regularly brought the food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a | conditioned stimulus |
| Blinkin in response to a puff of air directed to yur eye is a | UCR |
| Achamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain food or water reinforcer is called | An operant chamber |
| Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This est illustrates the value of | negative reinforcement |
| Lars, a shoe salesman, is pid every weeks, whereas Tom recieves a commission for each pair of shoes he sells. Evidently, Lars is paid on a __ scedule of reinforcement, and Tom on a __ schedule. | fixed interval/ variable ratio |
| The idea of discrete emotions in infancy is primarily derived from | the proposal that each emotion is individualized by an infant's facial expressions |
| According to the idea that emotions develop as dynamic, self-organizing systems | neurophysiological programs are constructed during early life from lower-level genetically derived componets, which are formed into distinct structures by interaction among the componets, and by interaction of babies with other people. |
| Reaserch suggests that when talked to in "motherese", infants | pay more attention and show more positive emotion than when talked to in a normal voice |
| One of the most frequently applied reaserch methods for studying infants' abilities to discriminate emotional expressions in other people is | habituation procedure |
| According to Lewin, a person's __ consisted of all the influences acting upon him/her at a given time | Life Space |
| A child's realization that others may have beliefs which the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of | a theory of mind |
| Piaget held that egocentrism is characteristic of the | preoperational stage |
| Harlow's studies of attachment in monkeys showed that | a cloth mother produced the greatest attachment response |
| In Erickson's theory, individuals generally focus on developing __ during adolescence and then __ during young adulthood | indentity/ intimacy |
| An elderly person who can look back on life with satisfaction and reminisce with a sense of completion has attained Erickson's stage of | integrity |
| Aggression that is a means to some other end is called | instrumental aggression |
| Catharsis tends to __ aggressive tendancies over time | increase |
| Viewing violence may increase aggression by | producing arousal, producing disinhibition and evoking imitation |
| The traditional aggressive sequence can be seen as | threat; aggression; defeat |
| John Dollard;s (1939) famous Frustration-Agression theory states that | the blocking of a goal directed behavior can lead to aggression |
| Fairly recently, a form of aggression has been defined that is more readily associated with girls than with boys, namely | indirect (relational) aggression |
| Based on your textbook, it seems that the overtness (from least to greatest) of agressiveness is: | Utku, Japan, USA, Yanomamo |
| What is not an effective way of reducing aggressive behavior? | Severely punishing the aggressor |
| Correlational reaserch indicates that wherever television viewing has become more widely available, the rate of reported homicides | increases |
| Sherif's study of conflict in a Boy Scount camp showed conflict could be reduced most effectively by | exposing groups to tasks that required their joint cooperation |
| We often have goals that are incompatable with each other, so there is no course of action that would satisfy them all. A method of doing something that is usually useful when there is no guarenteed solution is referred to as a | heuristic |
| The world of ticks and Gods are emotionless because the wolrd of ticks is based off __ and the world of Gods is based on __. | Reflexes/ Predictibility |
| A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event is called | flashbulb memory |
| Whereas emotional stroop tests look at __, the dot experiment by Matthews (1993) looks at __ | Interference/ Active Attention |
| The Develin Report concluded that | it is not reliable to convict someone on the basis of eyewitness unless the circumstances are exceptional or the testimony is corroborated by evidence of some other kind |
| On Feb 2, 1984, a sniper shot repeated rounds of ammo at children on an elementary school playground in LA. After interviewing the children who attended the school, Pynoos and Nader (1989) found that | children who were not at school that day placed themselves nearer to the event |
| When subjects in Sweeden and the USA were given a set of slides of what a person might see when leaving home and walking to work, Christianson and Loftus (1991) found that | subjects who say the emotional version tended to remeber the central details of the women better than those who saw the neutral version |
| According to the textbook, when a modd derived from one context has spilled into another to which it does not belong, we can assume a case of | misattribution |
| Ainsworth's famous experimental procedure designed to measure styles of attachment is called | The Strange Situation Procedure |
| According to the book, adults who are classified as preoccupied via the Adult Attachment Interview are likely to have shown | ambivalent attachment |
| A current authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders is known as the | DSM-IV |
| Among women, the stresses and demoralization of poverty are especially likely to precipitate | depression |
| Indira, a third grade teacher, frequently suffers from diziness, heart palpitations, muscular tension and fatigue. She is also contunually agitated and unable to relax, but she cannot pinpoint the cause of her problems. She probably has | generalized anxiety disorder |
| Without success, Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress intrusive thoughts that she might have forgotten to lock her house when she left. Her experience is most symptomatic of | obsessive-compulsive disorder |
| In which disorder do people alternate between states of lethargic hoplessness and wild overexcitement? | Bipolar disorder |
| Abnormally low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin are associated with | depression |
| Psychologists are least likely to suggest that __ contributes to the development of schizophrenia | neglectful child-rearing practices |
| One of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia is | loud and meaningless talking |
| Schizophrenia is associated with an excess of receptors for: | dopamine |
| When schizophrenia is slow to develop, called __, recovery is __ | process/ unlikely |
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