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PSY 201: Chapter 7
Learning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Learning | Experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner |
| Classical conditioning | When a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response |
| Unconditioned stimulus (US) | Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism |
| Unconditioned response (UR) | A reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus |
| Conditioned stimulus (CS) | A stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism |
| Conditioned response (CR) | A reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus |
| Acquisition | The phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together |
| Second-order conditioning | Conditioning where the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a CS |
| Extinction | The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented |
| Spontaneous recovery | The tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period |
| Generalization | A process in which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition |
| Discrimination | The capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli |
| Delay conditioning | A procedure in which the CS is a tone that's followed immediately by the US, a puff of air, which elicits an eyeblink response; after a few pairings of the tone and air puff, conditioning occurs and the tone alone elicits an eyeblink response |
| Trace conditioning | A procedure that is identical to delay conditioning, except that there is a brief interval of time after the tone ends and the air puff is delivered |
| Biological preparedness | A propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others |
| Operant conditioning | A type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future |
| Instrumental behavior | Behavior that requires an organism to do something, solve a problem, or otherwise manipulate elements of its environment |
| Law of effect | The principle that behaviors that are followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated and those that produce an "unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated |
| Operant behavior | Behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment |
| Reinforcer | Any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it |
| Punisher | Any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it |
| Positive reinforcement | A rewarding stimulus is presented |
| Negative reinforcement | An unpleasant stimulus is removed |
| Positive punishment | An unpleasant stimulus is administered |
| Negative punishment | A rewarding stimulus is removed |
| Primary reinforcers | Meet biological needs (food, warmth, comfort, shelter, etc.) |
| Secondary reinforcers | Derive their effectiveness from their associations with primary reinforcers through classical conditioning |
| Overjustification effect | Circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior |
| Fixed interval schedule (FI) | An operant conditioning principle in which reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made |
| Variable interval schedule (VI) | An operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement |
| Fixed ratio schedule (FR) | An operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made |
| Variable ratio schedule (VR) | An operant conditioning principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses |
| Intermittent reinforcement | An operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement |
| Intermittent-reinforcement effect | The fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement |
| Shaping | Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior |
| Latent learning | A condition in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future |
| Cognitive map | A mental representation of the physical features of the environment |
| Observational learning | A condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others |
| Diffusion chain | A process in which individuals initially learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior and then serve as a model from which other individuals learn the behavior |
| Implicit learning | Learning that takes place largely without awareness of the process or the products of information acquisition |
| Habituation | A general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in response |
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