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Psych. ch. 8
Psychology exam ch. 5,6,7,8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Enduring changes in behavior that occur with experience | Learning |
| Sensory process by which we adapt to constant stimulation | Habituation |
| Automatic shift of attention toward a new stimulus | Orienting response |
| Any stimulus that increases frequency in a behavior | Reinforcers |
| Innate reinforcers that satisfy biological needs (food, sex, relief from pain) | Primary reinforcers |
| Reinforcers in which stimulus is learned by association as good or bad (money, grades, peer approval, compliments) | Secondary reinforcers |
| Occurs when one stimulus is linked repeatedly with another and begin to connect the two | Association |
| Process by which behavior becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus | Conditioning |
| Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the learner has an automatic, inborn response | Classical conditioning |
| The environmental input that always produces the same unlearned response | Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
| The natural, automatic, inborn reaction to a stimulus | Unconditioned response(UCR) |
| A previously neutral input that an organism learns to associate with the UCS | Conditioned stimulus(CS) |
| A behavior that an organism learns to perform when presented with the CS | Conditioned response(CR) |
| Neutral stimulus is presented BEFORE the unconditioned (innate) stimulus | Forward conditioning |
| Neutral stimulus FOLLOWS the unconditioned (innate) stimulus | Backward conditioning |
| Extension of the association between UCS and CS to include a broad array of similar stimulu | Stimulus generalizion |
| The weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response, which occurs when the UCS is no longer paired with the CS | Extinction |
| The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response | Spontaneous recovery |
| Process of changing behavior by the consequences of that behavior | Operant conditioning |
| means the consequences of a behavior increase or decrease the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated | law of effect |
| Process of INCREASING a behavior with stimulus | Reinforcemnet |
| Process of DECREASING a behavior with a stimulus | Punishment |
| Rewarding a behavior every time it occurs | Continuous Reinforcemnet |
| Reinforcement, but not after every response | Intermittent reinforcement |
| Schedule of reinforcement after a certain number of response | Ratios |
| Reinforcement pattern in which reinforcement follows a fixed number of responses | Fixed Ratio |
| Reinforcement pattern in which reinforcement follows a variable number of responses | Variable ratio |
| Schedule of reinforcement after a certain amount of time | interval |
| Reinforcement pattern in which reinforcement follows a fixed amount of time | Fixed Interval |
| Reinforcement pattern in which reinforcement follows a variable amount of time | Variable interval |
| Some behaviors are inherently more likely to be learned than others | Biological constraint model |
| Learned behavior that shifts toward instinctive, unlearned behavior tendencies | Instinctive drift |
| Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later, when reinforcement occurs | Latent Learning |
| Learning by watching the behavior of others | Observational learning |
| Learning by doing | Enactive learning |
| Kind of learning that occurs when we model or imitate the behavior of others (Albert Bandura 1986) | Social Learning Theory |
| Imitation of behaviors performed by others | Modeling |
| Rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth | Imprinting |
| The scientific study of animal behavior | Ethology |
Created by:
shanncruz
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