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Chapter 16 (F)
Mental Disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Medical student syndrome | Tendency to relate personally to and find oneself with the symptoms of any disease or disorder described in textbook or lecture |
| DSMV IV | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: difinitive statements of what disorders are, how to diagnose them, and define what is normal and abnormal |
| Mental disorder criteria (3) | 1) Present distress- something that bothers their healthy everyday functions 2) Internal source-internal body source like genetics 3) Involuntary-don't choose it to happen |
| Categorical vs. continuum | Categorical-normal or abnormal > not a really good method but needed for medical documentation. Continuum-no clear distinctions and better at capturing complexities |
| Mood continuum | Good- mood goes up and down-bounces back. Bad-goes down persistently and doesn't bounce back |
| Three types of causes for mental disorders | 1) Biological 2) Psychological: maladaptive thinking style, traumatic events, stress 3) Sociocultural: failing expectations, relationship problems |
| Mood disorders | feeling of extreme emotions and being stuck there |
| Major Depression symptoms (5) | 1) Behavior: socially withdrawn 2) Affective: irritability, slow in movement 3) Cognitive: feeling of worthlessness 4) Physiological: changes of appetite, sleep irregularities 5) Anhedonia: loss of pleasure and itnerest in hobbies |
| Symptoms needed to be diagnosed w/ Depression (8) | Need only 5 of these: sad/depressed mood, feeling of worthlessness, sleep difficulty, weight change, loss of energy, lost concentration, Anhedonia, recurring thoughts of suicide |
| Bipolar disorders | mood swings in both directions: downward in depressive episodes and upward in manic episodes |
| Manic episodes | elevated mood, high activity, racing thoughts, think that everything can happen, euphoric feelings |
| Bipolar I Disorder | alternates b/w full manic episodes and depressive episodes; Chronic-persistent over lifetime; high rates of suicide |
| Bipolar II Disorder | alternates b/w major depressive and hypomanic episodes |
| Causes of bipolar | some genetic influences |
| Causes of mood disorder (5) | 1) Biological-neurostransmittiers 2) Stress 3) Learned helplessness-lose sense of control of their life 4) Social and cultural-lack support 5) Cognitive theory-things that happen to me are internal, stable (bad things will keep on happening) and global |
| Anxiety disorders (fear and anxiety) | fear= present-time, immediate response; Anxiety=future-oriented, have apprehension that things will not go well |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | not specific; emergence could be sudden; overgeneralization of things |
| Features of generalized anxiety disorder (4) | 1) excessive uncontrollable worry about life events 2) strong, persistent anxiety 3) somatic symptoms (msucle tension, fatigue) 4) persis for 6+ months |
| Panic disorder | feeling of helpless terror |
| Features of panic disorder (4) | 1) experience of attack 2) worry about future attacks 3) Agoraphobia-avoid situations person believes elicit attacks 4) symptoms persist |
| Features of specific phobias (3) | 1) extreme and irrational fear of specific object/situation 2) interferes w/ one's ability to function 3) recognize fears are unreasonable, but avoid phobic objects |
| Obsessions | intrusive, nonsensical thoughts; person recognizes it was irrational |
| Compulsion | repetitive action/thought that is usually performed in response to an obsession |
| Why was the DSM developed? | To increase reliability of the diagnostic system-different diagnosticians reach the same conclusion for a diagnosis |
| How is ADHD identifies, explained, and treated? | Identification: predominantly inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive type or combined type of both. Explanation: deficits in the prefrontal cortex-responsible for focusing attention. Treated: drug to increase neural activity in prefrontal cortex |
| Culture-bound syndrome | mental distress limited to specific cultural groups |
| Down syndrome | damage to many regions of developing brain |
| Autism | sever deficit in social instincts- cause by genes and prenatal toxins or birth complications that disrupt normal brain development |
| Three causes of mental disorders | 1) Predisposing causes (in place before the onset of the disorder and make person susceptible to the disorder) 2) Precipitating - immediate events that bring on the disorder 3) Perpetuating- consequences of a disorder that keeps it going |
| How might damage to certain areas of the brain result in OCD? | Damage to frontal cortex and parts of limbic system and basal ganglia interferes w/ ability to inhibit recurring, worrisome thoughts and satisfaction once task is completed |
| Dissociative disorders | a period of a person's life that's separated from the rest of a person's life |
| Types of dissociative disorders (3) | 1) Amnesia 2) Fugue- some amnesia, loss of one's identity 3) Identity disorder-multiple personality disorder |
| Causes of DID | childhood trauma |
| Schizophrenia symptoms (5) | 1) Delusions 2) Hallucinations 3) Disorganized speech 4) Disorganized behavior 5) Negative symptoms (absence/reduction of thoughts, movement, speech, drives |
| Schizophrenia diagnosis (2) | 1) Decline in standard abilities 2) 2/5 symptoms |
| Types of schizophrenia (3) | 1) Paranoid 2) Catanoic 3) Disorganized |
| Schrizophrenia causes (5) | 1) Heredity 2) brain chemistry 3) brain structure 4) Birth stressors 5) family environment |
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