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Quiz 9 Psych
Learning and Conditioning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Learning | A relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavioral potential) due to experience |
| Behaviorism | Study of overt actions. Observable and measurable. Watson: 1920s-1930s |
| Conditioning | A basic kind of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and the organism's responses. |
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) | The classical conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning. |
| Unconditioned Response (UR) | The classical conditioning term for a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning. |
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | The Classical conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with and unconditioned stimulus |
| Conditioned Response (CR) | The classical conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus. |
| Classical Conditioning | The process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response. |
| Extinction in Classical Conditioning | The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response; in classical conditioning, it occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus (US) |
| Sigmund Freud | The Father of Psychology 1856-1939 |
| The Psychosexual Theory | All acts are unconscious (or without awareness) |
| The Oral Phase | Birth-6 Months, Focused on oral pleasures like sucking. Personality: Early Fixation=Oral-Passive, overdependent, gullible, become follower Later Fixation=Oral-Sadistic, Develop Agression |
| The Anal Phase | 18 Months-3 Years, potty training years Personality: Rigid Parenting=Anal Retentive, stubborn, perfectionist OR Anal-Explosive, disorganized and disorderly, cruel and destructive |
| The Phallic Stage | 3-6 Years, pleasure on genitals, curious about sex, masterbation, internal drama, oedipus/electra complex Personality: Fixation could lead to sexual deviances, weak or confused sexual identity |
| Oedipus Complex | Unconscious sexual feelings for mother, becomes rival with father for mother, fear of castration by father, masculine characteristics develop, represses his sexual feelings. |
| Electra Complex | Unconscious sexual feelings for father, becomes rival with mother, represses her sexual feelings |
| The Latency Stage | 6 Years-Puberty, sexual urges are repressed (suppress), play and interest with children of same sex. |
| Genital Stage | Final Stage, from Puberty on, focus on genital pleasure. |
| Acquisition | Learning a new response. |
| Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance of a learned response after its temporary extinction |
| Stimulus Generalization | Extension of a conditioned response (CR) from the training stimulus to stimuli. |
| Stimulus Discrimination | Respond to a particular stimulus and only that stimulus. |
| CS-US Relationship | Optimal When: CS before US for predictive value CS should be before US by about half a second. |
| Counterconditioning | In classical conditioning, the process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response |
| Operant Conditioning | Learning based on the consequences of behavior |
| Reinforcement | The process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows. |
| Punishment | The process by which a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probability of the response that it follows |
| Positive Reinforcement | A reinforcement procedure in which a response followed by the presentation of, or increase in intensity of, a reinforcing stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur. |
| Negative Reinforcement | A reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the removal, delay, or decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur. |
| Negative Punishment | Something unpleasant is removed |
| Positive Punishment | Something unpleasant follows the response |
| Vicarious Reinforcement | A reinforcement which is received indirectly by observing another person who is being reinforced |
| Vicarious Punishment | If you observe someone being punished then you don't do what they did so that you aren't punished too |
| Extinction in Operant Conditioning | The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response; in operant conditioning, it occurs when a response is no longer followed by a reinforcer. |
| Observational Learning | A process in which and individual learns new responses by observing the behavior of another (a model) rather than through direct experience; sometimes called vicarious conditioning. |
| Social-Cognitive Theory | Theories that emphasize how behavior is learned and maintained through observation and imitation of others, positive consequences, and cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs. |
| Partial Schedule of Reinforcement | Makes a response resistant to extinction |
| Continuous Schedule of Reinforcement | Leads to most rapid learning |
| Extrinsic Reinforcers | Reinforcers that are not inherently related to the activity being reinforced |
| Intrinsic Reinforcers | Reinforcers that are inherently related to the activity being reinforced |
Created by:
torlikhill
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