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Psychology
Chapter 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Learning | Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience |
| Types of Learning | Associative and Cognitive |
| Associative Learning | forms an association between stimuli and responses |
| Cognitive Learning | understanding, knowing, anticipating, etc. |
| Tools to Learning | Reinforcement, response, antecedents and consequences |
| Reinforcement | any event that increases the probability that a response will recur |
| Response | any identifiable behavior either internal or observable |
| Internal Response example | ex: faster heartbeat |
| Observable Response example | eating, scratching |
| Antecedents | events that precede a response |
| Consequences | effects that follow a response |
| Classical Conditioning | Ivan Pavlov-Russian psychologist; used dogs to study salivation when dogs were presented with meat powder |
| Neutral Stimulus (NS) | stimulus that does not evoke a response (meaning nothing) |
| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) | a stimulus innately capable of eliciting a response |
| Unconditioned Response (UCR) | an innate reflex response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus |
| Conditioned stimulus (CS) | stimulus that evokes a response because it has been repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
| Conditioned Response (CR) | a learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus |
| Stimulus Generalization | tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar, but not identical to a conditioned stimulus |
| Stimulus Discrimination | learned ability to respond differently to similar stimuli |
| Extinction | weakening of a conditioned response through removal of reinforcement |
| Spontaneous Recovery | reappearance of a learned response following apparent extinction |
| Phobia | fear that persists even when no realistic danger exists |
| Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) | learned emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus |
| Vicarious Classical Conditioning | learning to respond emotionally to a stimulus by observing another persons emotional reactions |
| Operant Conditioning | learning is based on the consequences of responding |
| Law of Effect (Thorndike) | probability of a response is altered by the effect it has |
| Operant Stimulus Generalization | tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded operant reinforcement |
| Operant Stimulus Discrimination | occurs when one learns to differentiate between antecednt stimuli that signal either an upcoming reward or a non-reward condition |
| Cognitive Learning | higher level learning involving thinking, knowing, understanding, and anticipating |
| Observational Learning | watching or imitating the actions of another person and/or learning from their consequences |
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kellkell1128
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