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Immune System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| nonspecific defense mechanisms | physical barriers (unbroken skin), natural deterrents (fluids and cells), infammatory response |
| specific defense mechanisms | antibodies and complements |
| two forms of immunity | natural and acquired |
| natural (inante) immunity | not for certain disease, no prior exposure |
| natural immunity example | macrophage |
| two types of acquired immunity | passive and active |
| passive aquired immunity | protective substances from human or animal |
| passive aquired immunity examples | breast milk and antitoxins |
| active aquired immunity | direct exposure, stimulates immune response |
| active aquired immunity examples | vaccines and chicken pox |
| antigens | disease causing agents |
| two types of immune responses | humoral (antibody-mediated) and cellular (cell-mediated) |
| humoral immunity | production of B lymphocytes, produce antibody, antigen-antibody complex, phagocytosis |
| antigen-antibody complex | antibodies combine with antigens |
| cellular immunity | produces T cells and NK cells, cytotoxic |
| cytotoxic | toxic to cells |
| bacteria | unicellular, prokaryotic microorganisms |
| bacteria shape | round, rod, spiral |
| most common organism on planet | bacteria |
| g- bacteria | more substantial cell wall, gram stain does not enter cell |
| g+ bacteria | less substantial cell wall, gram stain enters cell |
| which bacteria are easier to treat | g+ |
| bacteriostatic drugs | prevent replication |
| bacteriocidal drugs | kill bacteria immediately |
| superinfection | infection following a previous infection from resistant microorganisms |
| parasites | multicellular or single-celled, not bacteria or fungi |
| parasitic relationship | asymmetrical symbiotic (benefits from host, host has no benefit or is harmed) |
| most common parasites | pinworms, roundworms, tapeworms |
| parasite transmission | through contaminated food or soil |
| virus | ultramicroscopic infectious pathogen |
| virus replication | within cell of a living host |
| what drugs are ineffective for viruses? | antibiotics |
| fungi | plant based, yeasts, molds, mildews |
| fungi replication | through spores |
| antivirul drug examples | acyclovir, valacyclovir |
| antifungal drug use | therapy of systemic or topical yeast infections and superficial fungal infections |
| antifungal drug example | fluconazole |
| most common HIV | HIV-1 |
| HIV transmission | sexual contact, body fluids, birth from mother to child |
| AIDS | Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome |
| Stage 1 of AIDS | initial transmission/infection |
| Stage 2 of AIDS | immune system suppressed |
| Stage 3 of AIDS | signs/symptoms appear |
| Stage 4 of AIDS | opportunistic infections lead to CD4 cell count or level below 200 in blood |
| Stage 5 of AIDS | wasting to death |
| example of autoimmune disease | Lupas |
| antibiotic adverse effects | gastrointestinal distress, yeast infections, hypersensitivity reactions |
| hypersensitivity reactions | release of histamine, rash-wheezing-SOB-anaphylactic shock |
| beta lactam antibiotics | penicillin binding proteins in bacteria cell walls |
| penicillin side effects | increased bleeding and bruising |
| penicillinase | resistant bacteria enzyme that breaks down penicillin |
| Penicillin G | first generation, not prescribed now, bacteriocidal |
| Penicillin VK | bacteriocidal, amoxicillin |
| cephalosporin antibiotics | similar to penicillin, grouped in generations 1-5 |
| cephalosporin drug examples | keflex, ceftin, cefzil |
| macrolide antibiotics | new, bacteriostatic |
| macrolide antibiotic drug examples | erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin |
| erythromycin adverse effects | ototoxicity, liver disfunction, colitis |
| azythromycin | long 1/2 life, treats lyme disease |
| aminoglycoside antibiotic function | inhibit protein synthesis, bacteriocidal |
| aminoglycoside adverse effect | ototoxicity, respiratory paralysis, deafness in children |
| ear infection medicine | Cortisporin Otic |
| eye infection medicine | TobraDex |
| tetrcycline antibiotics adverse effects | photosynthesis, cant be taken with food, milk, bone formation disruption |
| doc for intracelluar infections | tetracycline antibiotics |
| minocycline | most active tetracycline, treats meningitis and rheumatoid arthritis |
| sulfa antibiotics | treats kidney infections |
| sulfa antibiotic adverse effect | must drink water |
| quinolone antibiotic function | prevent bacteria DNA from unwinding and duplicating |
| quinolone antibiotic contraindications | antacids |
| drug resistance | a microorganisms ability to live and grow in the presence of an intiinfective or antimicrobial drug, result of genetic mutation |
| how to prevent antibiotic resistance | avoid unnessecary use in humans and animals, use most specific antibiotic, no leftover pills |
Created by:
TaylorRabalais
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