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Psych 100 Final
Final Exam for Dr. Alvarez's Psych 100 class
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| localization of function | notion that discrete brain regions control discrete aspects of mental functioning |
| Broca's area | left frontal lobe is connected to producing speech fluently |
| Wernicke's area | left temporal lobe is connected to understanding speech that makes sense, even though fluent |
| Wilhelm Wundt | • Proponent of structuralism |
| William James | • Proponent of functionalism |
| structuralism | o Uncover basic elements of consciousness and the way they combine |
| functionalism | o Consciousness serves a purpose (is functional, duh) |
| author of first psych textbook | William James |
| person who positied "paradigms" | Thomas Kuhn |
| father of psychology | Wilhelm Wundt |
| scientific revolution | • Paradigm shift occurs when there is an anomaly that cannot be explained within the paradigm |
| psychodynamic metaphor | Awareness is like an iceberg; the small portion above the water is the conscious, the larger bit below the water is the unconscious |
| psychodynamic method | seek to understand the meanings of a client’s mental live using the case stud method |
| psychodynamic data | therapist seeks understanding of the thoughts, feelings, and actions of the client. |
| behaviorist metaphor | humans and other animals are like machines |
| behaviorist method | experimental |
| behaviorist data | quantitative empirical data analyses that can be replicated |
| cognitive metaphor | the mind is like a computer |
| cognitive method | experimental method |
| cognitive data | memory and decision-making |
| evolutionary metaphor | we are all runners in a race competing for survival |
| evolutionary method | mostly deductive, some experimental |
| evolutionary data | often start with a known behavior in a species and attempt to explain it on the basis of evolutionary principles |
| three assumptions of behaviorism | • Environmentalism: shaped by the environment |
| four characteristics of good psychological research | theoretical framework, standardized procedures, generalizability, objective measurement |
| theoretical framework | • Psychologists are interested in determining the causes of mental events and behaviors |
| standardized procedures | • Expose the participants to as similar procedures as possible |
| generalizability | • Research studies take samples from a limited portion of the entire population |
| objective measurement | • To study a variable, you need a way to measure it |
| three techniques to determine reliability | test-retest, internal consistency, inter-rater |
| interrater consistency | consistency across people. |
| three types of validity | face, criterion, construct |
| criterion validity | the degree to which a measure allows a researcher to distinguish among groups on the basis of certain behaviors or responses |
| construct validity | : the degree to which a measure actually assesses what it claims to assess |
| Convergent validity | should correlate with related measures |
| Discriminate validity | should not correlate with unrelated measures |
| three types of descriptive research | case study, naturalistic observation, survey research |
| 6 steps in experimental research | Framing a hypothesis, operationalizing variables, developing a standardized procedure, selecting and assigning participants, applying statistical techniques to the data, drawing conclusions |
| internal validity | are the methods sound or flawed? |
| external validity | does the experimental situation resemble a situation in the real world? |
| sensory neurons | transmit info from sensory receptors to brain (afferent) |
| motor neurons | transmit commands away from the brain to the muscles and glands (efferent) |
| interneurons | pass info betwixt the various sensory and motor neurons |
| dendrites | receive info from other neurons |
| cell body | nucleus, creates neurotransmitter (NT) molecules |
| Axon | long extension from cell body, transmits info to other neurons |
| Myelin sheath | derived from glial cells, insulates nerve cell, speeds up conduction of nerve messages at the nodes of ranvier |
| Terminal buttons of the axon | release neurotransmitters |
| Synapse | space between two neurons |
| resting neuron potential | -70 millivolts |
| effect of sodium | na+ ions flowing in depolarizes the membrane (brings volts closer to 0) which excited the neuron, makes it more likely to fire |
| effect of potassium | k+ flowing out hyperpolarizes the membranes which inhibits the neuron, makes it less likely to fire |
| graded potential | spreading voltage changes, which have two characteristics |
| action potential | • if the summated activity at the axon hillock raises the membrane potential past threshold, an action potential (firing of a neuron) will occur |
| Glutamate | excitatory nt involved in learning |
| GABA | inhibitory neurotransmitter, found in 1/3 of brain neurons, Involved in regulation of anxiety (valium, alcohol) |
| Dopamine (DA) | produced in the substantial nigra |
| Serotonin (5ht) | regulation of mood, sleep, eating, arousal, and pain |
| Acetylcholine (Ach) | learning and memory |
| Endorphins | elevate mood and reduce pain |
| pituitary | master gland |
| thyroid | growth/metabolism, energy/mood |
| adrenal glands | adrenaline release |
| pancreas | releases insulin |
| gonads | influence sexual development and behavior |
| somatic/voluntary nervous system | typically involved in intentional actions, but also handles things like posture and balance, transmits sensory info to the central nervous system and carries out motor commands |
| autonomic nervous system | conveys info to and fro internal bodily structures that carry out basic life processes, like respiration and digestion |
| sympathetic | emergency, fight or flight |
| parasympathetic | vegetative functions, blood-sugar level regulation |
| o pons | nerve fibers that connect the higher brain centers and spinal cord |
| o cerebellum | controls posture, balance, and smooth movements |
| o superior colliculus | reflexive orienting to visual stimuli |
| o inferior colliculus | reflexive orienting to auditory stimuli |
| thalamus | relay station |
| o Amygdala | Regulates emotions, particularly fear |
| o Hippocampus | Explicit memory |
| • Cerebral cortex | Provides for flexible control of patterns of movement, Permits subtle discrimination among complex sensory patterns, Makes symbolic thinking possible |
| o Frontal lobe | abstract thinking, planning, social skills |
| o Broca’s area | speech production, grammar |
| o Parietal lobe | touch, spatial orientation, nonverbal thinking |
| o Occipital lobe | vision |
| o Wernicke’s area | speech comprehension |
| o Temporal lobe | language, hearing, visual pattern recognition |
| heritability of traits between twins | .15 to .50 |
| Law of effect | behavior is controlled by its consequences |
| Thorndike | cats in a box learned to pull a string to get to food |
| Operant (instrumental) conditioning | Reponses operate on the environment and are instrumental in receiving reward or avoiding punishment |
| Long-term potentiation | tendency of a group of neurons to fire more readily after consistent stimulation from other neurons |
| Ratio schedules | payoffs are tied to number of responses emitted |
| Fixed ratio | every nth response |
| Variable ratio | the average is every nth response |
| Interval schedules | payoffs are delivered only after some interval of timeObservational learning |
| Modeling | learn to reproduce behavior exhibited by a model |
| internal locus | our actions determine our fate |
| external locus | external forces determine fate |
| Mental representations | a mental model of a stimulus or category of stimuli |
| Sensory representations | Store info in a sensory mode (visual, auditory, tactile) |
| Verbal representations | Info stored in words |
| Motoric representations | Memories of motor actions, muscle movement |
| Sensory registers | Hold info for a fraction of a second after the stimulus disappears |
| Short term memory | holds a small amount of info in consciousness for a limited duration |
| Long term Memory | Representations of facts, images, etc that may persist over a lifetime |
| Iconic storage | momentary memory for visual information |
| Echoic memory | momentary memory for auditory information |
| Declarative memory | facts and events |
| Explicit memory | conscious retrieval or info |
| Implicit memory | expressed in behavior, doesn’t require conscious recollection |
| Procedural memory | “how to” knowledge of procedures or skills |
| central executive | controls “executive” processes such as rehearsal, reasoning, and balancing two tasks simultaneously |
| visual memory store | temporary image (holds for 20-30 seconds) |
| verbal memory store | involves storage of verbal items |
| Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex | working memory and conscious decision making |
| Frontal lobes | working memory, procedural memory, episodic memory |
| Amygdala | fear conditioning and avoidance learning |
| Spacing effect | superiority of memory for info rehearsed over longer intervals |
| Decay theory | memory is like a fading neural trace that is weakened with disuse |
| Interference theory | conflict between old and new memories |
| Guy who altered Binet’s intelligence scale | Terman |
| Guy who developed standardized IQ scale | Wechsler |
| Mean and Standard Deviation on standardized IQ scale | M=100, SD=15 |
| general (g-factor) | score well globally on all scales and in all academic areas |
| Specific (s-factors) | specific abilities unique to certain tests or shared only by a subset of tests |
| Developed the two factor theory | Spearman |
| Two factor theory | g-factors and s-factors |
| Cattell and Horn’s theory | Gf-Gc theory |
| Gf | fluid intelligence |
| Gc | crystallized intelligence |
| Fluid intelligence (Gf) | intellectual capacities that have no specific content but are used in processing info and approaching new problems |
| Crystallized intelligence (Gc) | people’s stored knowledge |
| Gardner’s theory | theory of multiple intelligences |
| 7 different types of intelligence | Linguistic/verbal, Logic/mathematical, Musical, Bodily/kinesthetic, Spatial, Intrapersonal (self-understanding), Interpersonal (social skills) |
| Stroop test | names of colors written in different colors |
| Attention | the process by which we focus out conscious awareness |
| Selective attention | the ability to focus on one element amidst a constant flow of sensations |
| Selective inattention | Process by which important, but emotionally upsetting, info is ignored |
| Divided attention | Splitting attention between two or more complex tasks at the same time |
| Covert orienting | Deployment of visual attention to a location other than the focus of the foveal gaze |
| Conscious | mental events that you are aware of (small) |
| Preconscious | mental events that can be brought in to conscious awareness easily |
| Unconscious | mental events that are inaccessible to awareness |
| Hindbrain/midbrain | arousal and sleep |
| Thalamus | shines a spotlight on important info and inhibits attention to irrelevant info |
| Prefrontal cortex | conscious control of info processing |
| Delta waves | slow, <4 hz, stage 3 and 4 sleep, coma, MR |
| Theta waves | 4-7 hz, stage 1 sleep |
| Alpha waves | 8-12 hz, relaxed state with eyes closed |
| Beta waves | >13 hz, information processing |
| Sleep Stage 1 | slowing of waves, increase in theta waves, few minutes |
| Sleep Stage 2 | bulk of sleep, 45%, sleep spindles (motor inhibition) and high amplitude k-complexes |
| Sleep Stage 3 | appearance of delta waves |
| Sleep Stage 4 | mostly delta waves, relaxed muscles, decreased rate of breathing, slightly lower body temp. |
| REM | more desynchrony in EEG (beta waves), dreaming, increased nervous system activity, motor paralysis |
Created by:
EllaLow
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