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Psychology 100
Ch. 7 & Ch. 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| tip-of-the tongue phenomenon | when forgotten info feels like it's just out of reach |
| how does info get into memory? | encoding |
| how is info maintained in memory? | storage |
| how is info pulled back out of memory? | retrieval |
| encoding | involves forming a memory code |
| an example of encoding | emphasizing how a word looks, sounds, what it means |
| storage | involves maintaining encoded info in memory over time (info storage is not enough to guarantee that you'll remember something) |
| retrieval | involves recovering info from memory stores |
| what might cause one to forget? | deficiencies in any of the three key processes in memory |
| Attention | involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events |
| what is the key issue of locating where the "filter" is? | whether stimuli are screened out early, during sensory input, or late, after the brain has processed the meaning or significance of the input |
| cocktail party phenomenon | crowded party where many conversations are taking place; filtering out the other conversations; if someone in another conversations mentions your name, you may still notice it ("late" selection) |
| Lavie's theory on location of "filter" | idea that the location of the "filter" depends on "cognitive load" of current info processing |
| structural encoding | relatively shadowing processing that emphasizes physical structure of a stimulus |
| example of structural encoding | words flash on a screen; registers how they are printed or the length of the words |
| phonemic encoding | emphasizes what a word sounds like (naming or saying) |
| semantic encoding | emphasizes the meaning of verbal input (thinking about the objects and actions the words represent) |
| levels-of-processing theory | theory proposing that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes (deeper processing leads to enhanced memory) |
| elaboration | linking a stimulus to other info at the time of encoding |
| example of elaboration | you read that phobias are often caused by classical conditioning and apply this idea to your own fear or spider |
| imagery | creation of visual images to represent words (can be used to enrich encoding) |
| example of imagery | juggle; imagine someone juggling balls (concrete object). Truth; much more difficulty forming an image (abstract object) |
| 16 pairs of words theory | high-high (juggler-dress) high-low (letter-effort) low-high (duty-hotel) low-low (quality-necessity) |
| dual-coding theory | theory stating memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall |
| self-referent encoding | describing how or whether info is personally relevant (making material personally meaningful can also enrich encoding) |
| motivation to remember | info perceived to be important; more likely to exert extra effort to attend to (encoding processes can be enhanced by strong motivation) |
| sensory memory | preserves info in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second (allows visual patter, sound, or touch to linger for a brief moment after sensory stimulation is over) |
| example of sensory memory | rapidly moving a lighted sparkler or flashlight in circles in the dark (sparklers); preserves image long enough for you to perceive a continuous circle rather than separate points of light |
| short-term memory (STM) | limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed info for about 10-20 seconds |
| rehearsal | process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the info |
| chunking | grouping familiar stimuli stored as a single unit |
| phonological loop | represents all of the STM in earlier models; at work when you use recitation to temporarily hold onto a phone number |
| visuospatial sketchpad | permits people to temporarily hold and manipulate visual images; at work when you try to mentally rearrange the furniture in your room or map out a route to travel somewhere |
| central executive | controls the deployment of attention, switching the focus of attention as needed; coordinates actions of the other module |
| episodic buffer | temporary, limited capacity store that allows the various components of working memory to integrate info; serves as interface between working memory and long-term memory |
| working memory capacity (WMC) | refers to one's ability to hold and manipulate info in conscious attention |
| long-term memory (LTM) | an unlimited capacity store that can hold info over lengthy periods of time |
| flashbulb memories | unusually vivid and detailed recollections of circumstances in which people learned about momentous, newsworthy events |
| clustering | tendency to remember similar or related items in groups |
| conceptual hierarchy | multilevel classification system based on common properties among items |
| schema | an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from a previous experience with the object or event |
| Tuckey and Brewer study | suggests that people are more likely to remember things that are consistent with their schemas than things that aren't |
| Koriat, Goldsmith, and Pansky study | people sometimes exhibit better recall of things that violate their schema-based expectations |
| semantic network | consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts |
| spreading activation | when people think about a word, their thoughts naturally go to related words |
| connectionist models | take inspiration from how neural networks appear to handle info instead of taking their cue from how computers process info (info lies in strengths of connections) |
| parallel distributed processing | simultaneous processing of the same info that's spread across networks of neurons |
| misinformation effect | occurs when participants' recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading postevent info |
| reality monitoring | refers to the process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (one's perception's of actual events) or internal sources (one's thoughts and imaginations) |
| source monitoring | involves making attributions about the origins of memories |
| source-monitoring error | occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source |
| destination memory | involves recalling from whom one was told what |
| retention | refers to proportion of material retained (remembered) |
| recall | measure of retention requires subjects to reproduce info to their own without any cues |
| recognition | measure of retention requires to select previously learned info form an array of options |
| relearning | measure of retention requires a subject to memorize info a second time to determine how much time or how much practice trials are saved by having learned it before |
| pseudoforgetting | can't really forget something you never learned; lack of attention |
| decay theory | theory that proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time |
| interference theory | theory that proposes that people forget info because of competition from other material (2 kinds) |
| retroactive interference | occurs when new info impairs the retention of previously learned info |
| proactive interference | occurs when previously learned info interferes with retention of new info |
| encoding specificity principle | idea that value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code |
| transfer-appropriate processing | occurs when the initial processing of info is similar to the type of processing required by the subsequent measure of retention |
| repression | refers to keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious |
| long-term potentiation (LTP) | a long lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway |
| retrograde amnesia | involves the loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia |
| anterograde amnesia | involves the loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia |
| consolidation | hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of info into durable memory codes stores in long-term memory |
| declarative memory system | handles factual info (definitions) |
| nondeclarative memory system | houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional responses (motor skills) |
| episodic memory system | made up on chronological, or temporally dated, recollection of personal experiences |
| semantic memory system | contain general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the info was learned |
| prospective memory | involves remembering to perform actions in the future |
| retrospective memory | involves remembering events from the past or previously learned info |
| mnemonic devices | strategies for enhancing memory |
| overlearning | continued rehearsal of material after you appear to have mastered it |
| serial position effect | occurs when subjects show better recall for items at the beginning and end of a list than for items in the middle |
| link method | involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together |
| method of Loci | involves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations |
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ebobbitt29
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