Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Psychology Ch. 8
Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mental activity involved in understanding, processing, and communication information | Cognition |
| Paying attention to information, mentally representing it, reasoning about it, and making decisions about it | Thinking |
| A mental category that is used to class together objects, relations, events, abstractions, ideas, or qualities that have common properties | Concept |
| A concept of a category of objects or events that serves as a good example of the category | Prototype |
| A specific example | Exemplar |
| A systematic procedure for solving a problem that works invariably when it is correctly applied | Algorithm |
| An algorithm for solving problems in which each possible solution is tested according to a particular set of rules | Systematic Random Search |
| Rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems | Heuristics |
| A heuristic device in which we try to solve a problem by evaluating the difference between the current situation and the goal | Means-End Analysis |
| An internal image or visual representation that is used in thinking and memory | Mental Image |
| The tendency to respond to a new problem with an approach that was successfully used with similar problems | Mental Set |
| In Gestalt psychology, a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the mentally represented elements of a problem that permits its solution | Insight |
| In problem solving, a process that may sometimes occur when we stand back from a frustrating problem for a while and the solution "suddenly" appears | Incubation |
| The tendency to view an object in terms of its name or familiar usage | Functional Fixedness |
| A decision-making heuristic in which people make judgments about samples according to the populations they appear to represent | Representativeness Heuristic |
| A decision-making heuristic in which our estimates of frequency or probability of events are based on how easy it is to find examples | Availability Heuristic |
| A decision-making heuristic in which a presumption or first estimate serves as a cognitive anchor; as we receive additional information, we make adjustments but tend to remain in the proximity of the anchor | Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic |
| The influence of wording, or the context in which information is presented, on decision making | Framing Effect |
| Having to do with the meanings of words and symbols | Semantic |
| The communication of information by means of symbols arranged according to rules of grammar | Language |
| Meaning; the quality of language in which words are used as symbols for objects, events, or ideas | Semanticity |
| The capacity to combine words into original sentences | Infinite Creativity |
| The quality of language that permits one to communicate information about objects and events in another time and place | Displacement |
| The view that language structures the way we view the world | Linguistic-Relativity Hypothesis |
| A single word used to express complex meanings | Holophrase |
| The rules for forming grammatical phrases and sentences in a language | Syntax |
| The application of regular grammatical rules for forming inflections (e.g., past tense and plurals) to irregular verbs and nouns | Overregularization |
| The view that language learning involves an interaction between environmental factors and an inborn tendency to acquire language | Psycholinguistic Theory |
| In psycholinguistic theory, neural "prewiring" that facilitates the child's learning of grammar; referred to by Noam Chomsky | Language Acquisition Device (LAD) |
| A general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience | Intelligence |
| Spearman's symbol for general intelligence, which he believed underlay more specific abilities | g |
| Spearman's symbol for specific factors, which he believed accounted for individual abilities | s |
| A statistical technique that allows researchers to determine the relationships among large number of items, such as test items | Factor Analysis |
| According to Thurstone, the basic abilities that make up intelligence | Primary Mental Abilities |
| Gardner's view that there are several intelligences, not just one | Theory of Multiple Intelligences |
| Sternberg's theory that intelligence has three prongs, consisting of analytical, creative, and practical intelligence ("street smarts") | Triarchic Theory of Intelligence |
| The ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems | Creativity |
| A thought process that narrows in on the single best solution to a problem | Convergent Thinking |
| A thought process that attempts to generate multiple solutions to problems | Divergent Thinking |
| The accumulated months of credit that a person earns on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale | Mental Age (MA) |
| Originally, a ratio obtained by dividing a child's score (or mental age) on an intelligence test by chronological age; generally, a score on an intelligence test | Intelligence Quotient (IQ) |
| The consistency of a method of measurements, as, for example, shown by obtaining similar scores on different testing occasions | Reliability |
| The extent to which a method of measurement measures what it is supposed to measure, as, for example, shown by the extent to which test scores predict or are related to an external standard; w/ intelligence may include academic performance | Validity |
| A factor that provides an advantage for test takers from certain cultural backgrounds, such as using test items that are based on middle-class culture in the United States | Cultural Bias |
| The degree to which the variations in a trait from one person to another can be attributed to, or explained by, genetic factors | Heritability |
Created by:
Vanity
Popular Psychology sets