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PSYC100 Exam2 Part1
Ch 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Learning | Relatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience. |
| James Watson | Founded behavioralism. Rejected anything that could not be observed directly. |
| Classical conditioning (pavlovian conditioning) | A neutral stimulus elicits a response because it has become associated with a stimulus that already produces that response |
| Unconditioned response | A response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex |
| Unconditioned stimulus | A stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex, without any prior learning |
| Conditioned stimulus | A stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place |
| Conditioned response | A response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned |
| Extinction | A process in which the conditional response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus |
| Spontaneous recovery | A process in which a previously extinguished response reemerges after the presentation of the condition |
| Stimulus generalization | Learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response. |
| Stimulus discrimination | A differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus. |
| Operant (instrumental) conditioning | B.F. Skinner. A learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future. |
| Law of effect | Any behavior that leads to a 'satisfying state of affairs' is likely to occur again and any behavior that leads to an 'annoying state of affairs' is less likely to occur again |
| Reinforcer | A stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated |
| Shaping | Reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior |
| Successive approximation | Animals learns to discriminate which behavior is being reinforced. |
| Positive reinforcement | The administration of a stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior's being repeated. REWARD. |
| Negative reinforcement | The removal of a stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior's being repeated |
| Continuous reinforcement | A type of learning in which behavior is reinforced each time it occurs. |
| Partial reinforcement | A type of learning in which behavior in which behavior is reinforced intermittently (depends on the reinforcement schedule). |
| Ratio schedule | A schedule in which reinforcement is based on the number of times the behavior occurs (Ex: 5th or 9th occurrence) |
| Interval schedule | A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a specific unit of time. (For ex: 10 mins or every hour) |
| Fixed schedule | A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a specific number of occurrences or after a specific amount of time. (Ex: paid an hourly wage) |
| Variable schedule | A schedule in which reinforcement is provided at different rates or at different times. (Ex: Sales person receiving commission) |
| Cognitive map | Edwared Tolman. A visual/spatial mental representation of an environment. |
| Latent learning | Learning that takes place without reinforcement (learning by observing) |
| Insight learning | A solution suddenly emerges after either a period of inaction or contemplation of the problem. (problem solving) |
| Mirror neurons | Neurons that are activated when one observes another individual engage in an action and when one performs the action that was observed |
| Peter Milner and James Olds | Accidentally discovered the pleasure centers of the brain by electrically stimulating rat brains. |
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f.sarwar92
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