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3. Development
Robinson- Psych 101
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Developmental psychology | the study of progressive changes in behavior and abliites from conception to death |
| Heredity ("nature") | the transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parents to offspring through genes |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecular structure that contains coded genetic information |
| Chromosomes | Thread-like "colored bodies" in the nucleus of each cell that are made up of DNA |
| Genes | Specific areas on a strand of DNA that carry hereditary information |
| Dominant gene | a gene whose influence will be expressed each time the gene is present |
| Recessive gene | a gene whose influence will be expressed only when it is paired with a second recessive gene |
| Polygenic characteristics | personal traits or physical properties that are influenced by many genes working in combination |
| Maturation | the physical growth and development of the body and nervous system |
| Readiness | A condition that exists when maturation has advanced enough to allow the rapid acquisition of a particular skill |
| Environment ("nurture") | the sum of all external conditions affecting development, including especially the effects of learning |
| Congenital problems | Problems or defects that originate during prenatal development in the womb |
| Genetic disorders | Problems caused by defects in the genes or by inherited characteristics |
| Teratogen | Radiation, a drug, or other substance capable of altering fetal development in nonheritable ways that cause birth defects |
| Sensitive period | during development, a period of increased sensitivity to environmental influences. also, a time during which certain events must take place for normal development to occur. |
| Deprivation | in development, the loss or withholding of normal stimulation, nutrition, comfort, love, and so forth; a condition of lacking. |
| Enrichment | in development, deliberately making an environment more stimulating, nutritional, comforting, loving, and so forth. |
| Reaction range | the limits environment places on the effects of heredity. |
| Temperament | The physical core of personality, including emotional and perceptual sensitivity, energy levels, typical mood, and so forth. |
| Developmental level | An individual's current state of physical, emotional, and intellectual development |
| Social smile | Smiling elicited by social stimuli, such as seeing a parent's face |
| Social Development | The development of self-awareness, attachment to parents or caregivers, and relationships with other children and adults. |
| Emotional attachment | An especially close emotional bond that infants form with their parents, caregivers, or others |
| Surrogate mother | A substitute mother (often an inanimate dummy in animal research) |
| Contact comfort | A pleasant and reassuring feeling human and animal infants get from touching or clinging to something soft and warm, usually their mother |
| Separation anxiety | Distress displayed by infants when they are separated from their parents or principal caregivers |
| Secure attachment | A stable and positive emotional bond |
| Insecure-avoidant attachment | An anxious emotional bond marked by a tendency to avoid reunion with a parent or caregiver |
| Insecure-ambivalent attachment | An anxious emotional bond marked by both a desire to be with a parent or caregiver and some resistance to being reunited |
| Affectional needs | emotional needs for love and affection |
| Parental styles | Identifiable patterns of parental caretaking and interaction with children |
| Authoritarian parents | parents who enforce rigid rules and demand strict obedience to authority |
| Overly permissive parents | Parents who give little guidance, allow too much freedom, or do not require the child to take responsibility |
| Authoritative parents | Parents who supply firm and consistent guidance combined with love and affection |
| Maternal influences | The aggregate of all psychological effects mothers have on their children |
| Paternal influences | The aggregate of all psychological effects fathers have on their children |
| Biological Predisposition | the presumed hereditary readiness of humans to learn certain skills, such as how to use language, or readiness to behave in particular ways |
| Signal | In early language development, any behavior, such as touching vocalizing, gazing, or smiling, that allows nonverbal interaction and turn-taking between parent and child |
| Motherese (or parentese) | a pattern of speech used when talking to infants, marked by a higher-pitched voice; short, simple sentences; repetition, slower speech; and exaggerated voice inflections |
| Assimilation | in Piaget's theory, the application of existing mental patterns to new situations (that is, the new situation is assimilated to existing mental schemes). |
| Accommodation | In Piaget's theory, the modification of existing mental patterns to fit new demands (that is, mental schemes are changed to accommodate new information or experiences) |
| Sensorimotor stage | stage of intellectual development during which sensory input and motor responses become coordinated |
| Object performance | concept, gained in infancy, that objects continue to exist even when they are hidden from view |
Created by:
arianaflores
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