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Unit 6 Terms
Learning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Learning | A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. |
| Habituation | Decreasing responsiveness with the repeated stimulation. |
| Associative Learning | Learning that certain events occur together. |
| Behaviorism | The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. |
| Classical Conditioning | A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. |
| Unconditioned Response | In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus. |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response. |
| Conditioned Response | In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. |
| Conditioned Stimulus | In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response. |
| Acquisition | In classical conditioning, the initial stage,when one links a neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditional response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. |
| Extinction | The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. |
| Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. |
| Higher-Order Conditioning | A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. |
| Generalization | The tendency, once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. |
| Discrimination | In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. |
| Learned Helplessness | The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. |
| Respondent Behavior | Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. |
| Operant Conditioning | A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. |
| Operant Behavior | Behavior that operates on the environment , producing consequences. |
| Shaping | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. |
| Reinforcer | In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. |
| Positive Reinforcement | Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. |
| Negative Reinforcement | Any stimulus that when removed after a response, strengthens the response. |
| Primary Reinforcer | An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. |
| Partial Reinforcement | Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. |
| Continuous Reinforcement | Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. |
| Conditioned Reinforcer | A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer. |
| Fixed Ratio | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. |
| Variable Ratio | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. |
| Fixed-Interval | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. |
| Variable-Interval | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. |
| Law of Effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. |
| Discriminative Stimulus | In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement. |
| Punishment | An event that decreases the behavior that follows. |
| Cognitive Map | A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. |
| Latent learning | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. |
| Observational Learning | Learning by observation others. Also called social learning. |
| Modeling | The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. |
| Pro-Social Behavior | Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior. |
| Intrinsic Motivation | A desire to preform a behavior effectively for its own sake. |
| Extrinsic Motivation | A desire to preform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment |
| Mirror Neurons | Frontal Lobe neurons that fire when preforming certain actions or when observing another doing so. |
| Insight | A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions. |
| Aversion Therapy | A type of behavior therapy designed to make a patient give up an undesirable habit by causing them to associate it with an unpleasant effect. |
| Systematic Desensitization | A type of exposure therapy to that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. |
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APPsychology
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