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DH Lecture Eight
Internalizing Disorders 2: Depression
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Children and adolescents are diagnoses by the same criteria as _______, with a few specified symptom ____________. | adults, differences |
| It is acknowledged in DSM-IV that the symptoms of these disorders may be manifested ____________ in children and adolescents than in _______ | differently, adults |
| How many of the symptoms for Depression do you have to have? Also, you have to have either __ or ___ which are? | Have to have at least 5 and you have to have either 1 or 2 which are Depressed mood (or in children could be agitated mood) or Diminished pleasure/interest. |
| What does she mean when she says "the ure rather than the exception" in childhood? | That comorbidity is the rule rather than the exception. - that it is rare for a child present just one disorder in particular with depression, ADHD and other externalizing disorders. |
| Comorbidity is more or less? common in children and adolescents than adults | more |
| Why is comorbidity more common in children and adolescents than adults? | Because they have symptoms that overlap with other disorders such as ADHD and depression while adults dont have many overlapping symptoms. |
| With children with comorbid disorders how do we go about treating it? | We figure out what the primary/dominant disorder is and treat that one so that the rest of the disorders are then also fixed |
| What is the difference between a primary disorder and a secondary disorder? | A primary disorder is the dominant disorder that will be causing the other disorders while the secondary disorders are the disorder that result from the primary disorders |
| If a child has ADHD and depression, which one would normally be the primary disorder and which one would normally be the secondary disorder? | ADHD is normally the primary disorder so depression is the secondary disorder |
| In children, depression commonly co-occurs with what four disorders? | Anxiety disorders, Disruptive disorders such as ADHD and ODD, Substance abuse disorders and Eating disorders |
| Why do late adolescents with depression also commonly develop Substance abuse disorders? | Because they think it will make them fel better, it is a way of coping |
| Why do late adolescents with depression also commonly develop Eating disorders? | Because with depression its common to lose weight & have low self-esteem so when people comment on how good they look with lost weight this increases their self-esteem & reinforces the weight loss. Also cos they like to feel control and regulate something |
| In terms of Etiology, depression has lots of different reasons/______that people can take to get depression | pathways |
| List the five models/ways children can get depression: | Biological models, Cognitive models, Behavioural/interpersonal models, Family models, Life-stress models |
| In terms of Biological models what can increase the risk of a child developing depression? and why? | Temperament or having bad life experiences from the start because they interpret the world more negatively which increases their risk |
| Children that have a negative view of the world due to temperament of bad life experiences from the start __________ bad things and _________ positive things | internalize, externalize |
| In terms of cognitive models, what neurotransmitter do children with depression have a low level of? And what can we give them to fix this? | Seretonin, and can give them a seretonin inhibitor reuptake |
| In terms of Behavioural/Interpersonal model people with depression have a loss of interest in things. Why can this cause depression? | Because they start to withdrawal and have low activity level which is denying them the opportunity to feel happy and positive so they dont get better. |
| What would the psychologist do if the child was being withdrawn and not taking part in activities? | She would encourage them to increase their activity levels - do exercise, go for walks because this increases endorphines which makes you feel good and reduces stress |
| In terms of family models, interactions with _____ plays a huge role in the occurrence and maintenance of depression and that if there is a disruption in __________ this increases the risk | family, attachment |
| In terms of the Life Stress model, even if you have a normal family and normal genes, you can still get depression due to increased ______ in their environment. Traumatic events such as divorce can cause child to blame themselves and ______ is taken away | stress, attention |
| In terms of the Life-stress model, with traumatic events, if the child has a poor ______ _______ then they have a higher chance of developing depression so the psychologist would work more with their coping style and management of _______ | coping style, stress |
| People can be born with a bad temperament which can then also interact with life events. They would internalize things in __________ life events and externalize things in _______ life events. So psychologist would tyr and ____ this negative cognitive bias | internalize, externalize |
| Anxiety due to poor attachment leads to _______________ problems such as crying to get attention which leads to ___________ if no one responds to crying as they then feel like no one cares about them which in later life leads to ____ and ______ | behavioural, depression, substance abuse, suicidal risk |
| In children with comorbid disorders what typically predates/comes before depression? | Anxiety problems |
| if substance abuse involves alcohol then this _______ risk of suicide as alcohol makes you more __________? | increase, impulsive |
| Depression without alcohol abuse reduces or increases? risk of suicide? | reduces |
| What are the three types of treatment for child depression and what one is the key type and why? | Family therapy, CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy) and medication such as seretonin inhibitor reuptake). Family therapy is the key one as a child cannot control or change their environment, only the parents can |
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