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psych midterm ch 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| learning | enduring changes in behavior that occur with experience |
| orienting response | automatic shift of attention toward a new stimulus |
| habituation | organisms adapting to constant stimulation / change in behavior due to experience |
| association | process by which 2 pieces of info from the environment are repeatedly linked so that we begin to connect them in minds |
| conditioning | form of associative learning in which behaviors are triggered by associations with events in the environment |
| classical conditioning | form of associative learning where neural stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which one has an automatic/inborn response (reflex conditioning) |
| UCR (unconditioned response) | natural, automatic/inborn reaction to a stimulus |
| US (unconditioned stimulus) | environmental input that always produce the same unlearned response |
| CS (conditioned stimulus) | previously neutral input that an organism learns to associate with the UCS |
| CR (conditioned response) | a behavior that an organism learns to perform when presented with the CS alone |
| forward conditioning | neutral stimulus presented right before the UCS |
| backward conditioning | neutral stimulus follows right after the UCS (less successful) |
| 2 fundamental criteria for stimulus-response conditioning to succeed | 1. multiple pairings of UCS & neutral stimulus (CS) necessary for an association to occur & for the CS to produce the conditioned response 2. ucs&cs must be paired/presented very close together in time for association to form |
| stimulus generalization | extension of the association between UCS&CS to include a broad array of similar stimuli |
| stimulus discrimination | restriction of a CR to only the exact CS to which it's conditioned |
| extinction | weakening & disappearance of a conditioned response in the absence of reinforcement |
| spontaneous recovery | sudden reappearance of an extinguished response |
| law of effect | Thorndike's term. consequences of a behavior increase/decrease- likelihood the behavior will be repeated |
| Watson | father of behaviorism. fear of white rats experiment |
| Thorndike | law of effect. |
| what did thorndike & skinner both view? | consequences of an individual's actions as the most important determinants of behavior |
| skinner | operant conditioning: process of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior |
| reinforcer | internal/external event that increases the frequency of a behavior |
| primary reinforcers | innate, unlearned reinforcers that satisfy biological needs (food, water, sex) |
| secondary reinforcers | reinforcers learned by association (usually via classical conditioning) ex. money, grades, peer approval |
| positive reinforcement | presentation/addition of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur |
| negative reinforcement | removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior |
| punishment | stimulus that decreases the frequency of a behavior |
| positive punishment | addition of a stimulus that decreases behavior |
| negative punishment | removal of a stimulus to decrease behavior |
| skinner box | simple chamber used for operant conditioning of small animals |
| shaping | reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior |
| operant conditioning | treatment of autism or harmful/aggressive behaviors in autistic children ABA (applied behavioral analysis) |
| continuous reinforcement | rewarding a behavior every time it occurs |
| intermittent reinforcement | reinforcement of a behavior but not after every response produces stronger responses |
| schedules of reinforcement | patterns of intermittent reinforcement distinguished by whether reinforcement occurs after a set # of responses/after a certain amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement (FR, VR, FI, VI) |
| Fixed ratio schedule (FR) | reinforcement allows a set # of responses |
| variable ratio schedule (VR) | pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the # of responses needed for reinforcement changes |
| Fixed interval schedule (FI) | pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are always reinforced after a set period of time passed |
| variable interval schedule (VI) | pattern of intermittent reinforcement where responses are reinforced after time periods of different duration passed |
| conditioned taste aversion | learned avoidance of a particular taste/food |
| latent learning | learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement & isnt demonstrated until later, when reinforcement occurs (Edward Tolman) |
| enactive learning | learning by doing |
| observational learning | learning by watching the behavior of others |
| social learning theory | kind of learning that occurs when we model/imitate the behavior of others |
| modeling | imitation of behaviors performed by others |
| Albert Bandura | seeked more than operant & classical conditioning (Bobo doll experiment) |
| imprinting | rapid & innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth |
| ethology | study of animal behavior |
| sensitivity period | period when a particular type of learning occurs very readily if an animal is exposed to a particular stimulus/situation |
Created by:
alexisyoo
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