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astronomy 2
exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Planet Building steps | dust (a few atoms up to cm) -> gas condenses onto dust -> dust particles accrete together and collapse from the nebula to the plane -> growth continues to PLANETESIMALS (> 1km)the gravity pulls to form PROTOPLANTETS (>100km) then become planets |
| Interstellar Medium Components | H ATOM-0.1-1 atom/cm^3 (majority of ISM), EMISSION NEBULA-0.1-100 atoms/cm^3 ionized H clouds T~8000K, COOL DENSE H CLOUDS 10-1000 atoms/cm^3(meutral hydrogen H cloud T~50K)(Molecular clouds H2 T~10K) DUST:C&Si w/waterice only 1% very important to obser. |
| Cloud condensation - spiral density waves | Spiral pattern in galaxies cause gas clouds to condense. New stars formed in stellar nurseries along the spiral waves |
| Cloud Condensation - supernova explosions | Massive stars can use material up to FE & Ni in their cores THEN explosion! the rest of the periodic table is created as these explosions expand ex. pillars of creation |
| Refractory VS Volatile materials | REFRACTORY- can withstand high temperatures without melting or vaporizing, ex. Fe, Si, C VOLATILE- easily melted or vaporized, can only remain solid at low temperatures, ex. h2o NH3 (ammonia), CH4 (methane), organic materials |
| Solar system components- INNER PLANETS | terrestrial worlds, mostly refractory materials |
| Solar system components- ASTEROID BELTS | leftover material from planet formation, most trapped by Jupiter's gravity into orbits between it and Mars |
| Solar system components- OUTER PLANETS | gas giants, jovian worlds, large rocky cores 5-10x Earth's mass pulled in much H and He from solar nebula |
| Solar system components- DWARF PLANETS | pluto & beyond, small icy worlds in outer solar system (and Ceres, the largest asteroid) |
| Solar system components- COMETS | dirty snowballs at the outer edge of the solar system, mostly volatile materials |
| Extrasolar Planet detection methods | 1.Spectroscopic Radial Velocity doppler effect 490 planets 381systems 80multiple systems 2.Transit Method Kepler Mission 286planets 231systems 36multiple systems 3.Gravitational lensing effect 16planets 15systems 4.Direct Imaging 31planets in 27systems |
| Impact Cratering | a period o Heavy bombardment in early solar system, and continuing impacts through today. |
| Plate Tectonics | energy from planet's interior reshaping the world |
| Volcanoes | another way internal energy is released to the surface. Many volcanoes and lava flow features cover the surfaces of each world |
| Erosion | the slow process of breaking down the features that form on the surface. |
| Radiometric Dating | use of radioactive decay to measure the ages of materials such as minerals |
| Half-life | the time it takes for original "parent" isotope to decay into its "daughter" isotope |
| age of solar system | 4.5 billion years |
| The Core | SOLID INNER- (20% of radius), high density, Fe & Ni, 6000K, high pressure forces solid state LIQUID OUTER- (55% of radius) lower pressure, Fe and Ni in liquid form |
| Mantle | 3000 km thick, semi-fluid(plastic-like) 67% of Earth's mass Fe and Mg Silicates (olivene and pyroxene)Al, Ca |
| Crust | upper 40 km (thinner under oceans), mostly quartz (SiC2) and other silicates, floasts on mantle |
| Differentiation | heavier (high density) material sinks to core, lower density materials rise up to surface, gases (lowest density material) escapes to form atmosphere A key process in planetary development, seen in all terrestrial worlds |
| Black Body Radiation | an object that absorbs all incident radiation, then re-emits according to temperature. ex. light bulb, hot coal, ice cubes, people |
| Wien's law | (wavelength peak)= (2900 micrometers* K)/ T -peak of the black body spectrum, T is the surface temperature in Kelvin |
| connection between color and temperature | blue= hotter yellow=less red=even less |
| states of matter | the average kinetic energy of the particles in a system. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion solid, liquid, gas, plasma (add heat) |
| dynamo effect | CONDUCTING MATERIAL, RAPID ROTATION, CONVECTION CORE- (SOLID) Fe&Ni (conducting material), rapidly rotating once per day, (LIQUID) convective |
| terrestrial magnetic fields-EARTH | strong field, generated by dynamo efect in the core |
| terrestrial magnetic fields-MERCURY | weak field, most likely due to oversized core |
| terrestrial magnetic fields-VENUS | no field, similar internal heat and composition to Earth, but no rapid rotation |
| terrestrial magnetic fields-MARS | no global field, just some pockets magnetic from iron deposits. Lost its internal heat |
| terrestrial magnetic fields-MOON | no field, has also lost its internal heat |
| Midocean rise | plates move apart, mantle material fills gaps |
| subduction zone | a region where two tectonic plates converge, with one plate sliding under the other and being drawn downward into the interior |
| folded mountains | form when rock layers are squeezed from opposite sides |
| Shield volcanoes | fluid lava flows from a single point source. builds up over a large area with gentle slops. Found over HOT SPOTS in mantle ex. Hawaiian Islands, volcanoes on Mars and Venus |
| Composite Volcanoes | thick lava, sharp slopes as layers of ash lava build up. found in active tectonic regions. ex. Mt. Fuji, Mt. Ranler, Mt. Hood |
| Erosion- weathering | rocks broken up into smaller pieces, possible chemical changes occur. freeze/thaw cycle of water can crack rocks. Wind erosion carves these features into rocks |
| Water erosion/ Sediment | debris from erosion is carried away as sediment to new locations. river deltas are where sediment can build up over time. sediment moved by glacial ice & wind as well as flowing water. Sedimentary layers build up over time, later pushed up by tectonics |
| Solar wind | constantly bombards with energy (light) and high energy particles |
| micrometeorites | constantly fall to surface (burned up in atmospheres of the other terrestrials) |
| Things unique to Earth | life, liquid water on surface, active plate tectonics, oxygen |
| Maria (and moon surface features) | the moon's seas (dark spots). the moon's lava flood plains- moon differentiated lopsided. Thicker crust on far side did not allow flooding. Near side of moon's crust scattered by large impacts (moon has highlands and craters) |
| Vesicular Basalts | Igneous rock found in mare, dark from Fe, Mg, P, Ti including some _____ with "bubbles" that formed as gas trapped in lava expands in lower (zero) pressure on surface. Age 3.1-3.8 Gyr |
| anorthosite | light colored rock from highlands, low density, the original crust. Age 4.0-4.5 |
| Breccias | Formed from pieces of other rocks cemented together by pressure |
| Mercury facts | large core, high density planet (2nd to Earth) |
| Lobate scarps | mercury's faults- indication that the crust "shrunk" at some point in its history. Average size- 3 Km high 500 Km long |
| Venus facts | retrograde rotation (turns in opposite direction from other planets) Shield volcanoes & lack of small craters |
| H2O on Mars Evidence | Polar ice caps, "Blueberries", sedimentary rock, valleys, gullies, other features, sub surface ice (permafrost), snow |
| Mars Facts | Tharsis uplift region (shield volcanoes) evidence of past water |
| Phobos | moon of Mars, meaning is fear, 22.2 km in diameter. Close orbit (9378km), it will hit Mars in 50 Myr (looks like the Death Star- Stickney crater) (captured asteroid like many of the irregular moons of the Jovians) |
| Deimos | moon of Mars, meaning is panic, 12.6 in diameter, orbits at 23,459 km (captured asteroid like many of the irregular moons of the Jovians) |
| Planets ranked by radius | JUPITER (11.2), SATURN (9.42), URANUS (4), NEPTUNE(3.95), EARTH, VENUS, MARS, MERCURY, MOON |
| primary atmosphere | composed mostly of hydrogen and helium, that forms at the same time as its host planet |
| secondary atmosphere | formed as a result of volcanism, comet impacts, or another process sometime after its host planet formed |
| escape velocity | the minimum velocity needed for an object to achieve a parabolic trajectory and thus permanently leave the gravitational grasp of another mass v= (sq rt of [2GM/R]) |
| UV dissociation | UV wavelengths approximately the size of molecules, so UV breaks apart those bonds. Rise of N2, and some of the O2, due to this process |
| Atmospheric composition of Earth | Nitrogen rules atmosphere (78.084%), O2 (20.946%), CO2 very low percentage (.035%) |
| Atmospheric composition of Venus | Co2 rules atmosphere (96.5%) O2 not found 100x pressure of Earth |
| Atmospheric composition of Mars | Similar composition to Venus, but air is very thin. 1/100th of Earth's pressure |
| Weather vs. Climate | State of Earth's atmosphere at a particular place and time VS the average state of Earth's atmosphere, describes the planet as a whole |
| Venus' Clouds | ACID CLOUDS- H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) also present- HCL (hydrochloric Acid), HF (Hydrofluoric Acid) hazy layer, upper cloud layer, middle..., lower..., haze layer |
| Atmospheric layer- Troposhpere | 0 to 10 km, 90% of atmospheric mass, where weather occurs, temperature lowers as altitude increases |
| Atmospheric layer- Stratoshpere | 10 to 50km, where we fly, Ozone layer (O3) absorbs UV light causing an increase in temperature |
| Atmospheric layer- Mesosphere | 50 to 90km, thinner and thinner gas, temperature decrease with altitude |
| Atmospheric layer- Thermosphere | 90 to 600km, lower limit of outer space, UV and solar wind heat up gases up to 1000 K. International Space Station at 370 km, Hubble ST at 570 km |
| Atmospheric layer- Ionosphere | 60 to 600 km, some gases become ionized to turn into a plasma |
| Atmospheric layer- Magnetosphere | 15 Earth Radii on Sun side, stretching to over 200 Earth Radii on the opposite side |
| the greenhouse effect | a warming of planetary surfaces produced by atmospheric gases that transmit optical solar radiation but partially trap infrared radiation |
| greenhouse gases | water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone |
| mars clouds | CO2 and H2O ices |
| Discovery of Uranus and Neptune | On March 13, 1781 (William & Caroline Herschel )then....1845 Orbit of Uranus indicated something else was out there. Newton's & Kepler's laws suggested its position and mass. Adams(England)& LeVerrier(France) Independently predicted the position of planet |
| Back-scattering light vs. Forward scattering | Saturn's and Uranus' rings consist of large particles that reflect the light VS Neptune's rings and jupiter's rings consist of very small particles, rings bright from behind |
| Shepherd Moons | constrain the rings, and re-supply them with fresh material |
| ring systems | Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune all have rings. Saturn's are most visible |
| Interior Structures- Gas Giants | Dominated by different States of hydrogen. H2 gas in atmosphere, liquid molecular hydrogen H2, rocky core (<-shared qualities) liquid metallic hydrogen |
| Interior Structures- Ice Giants | Dominated by Ices. H2 gas in atmosphere, liquid molecular hydrogen H2, rocky core (<-shared qualities) liquid "ices" (h2o, CH4, etc) |
| Jupiter and Saturn Clouds | layers (top to bottom)- Ammonia NH3, Ammonia Hydrosulfide NH4SH, Water h2o. Methane clouds cannot form here. They occur at the same temperatures but different altitudes |
| Uranus and Neptune Clouds | Methane. it is what gives the planets their blue hues |
| Jupiter and Saturn Magnetic Fields | layer of liquid metallic hydrogen is HIGHLY CONDUCTIVE. both planets ROTATE RAPIDLY, and there is CONVECTION observed in the cloud patterns. These 3 things combine to create fields stronger than ours by 20,000x & 600x |
| Neptune and Uranus Magnetic Fields | Off center fields, no liquid metallic hydrogen, some convection must be occurring in regions of the icy "mantle" |
| Saturn's Composition | H2 96.3%, He 3.25%, CH4 .45% |
| Jupiter's Composition | H2 89.8%, He 10.2%, CH4 .3%, NH3 .026% |
| Uranus atmosphere/ composition | H2 82.5%, He 15.2%, CH4 2.3%, HD .0148% similar to gas giants but below surface dominated by "ices" (water, methane, etc) |
| Neptune atomsphere/ composition | H2 80%, He 19% CH4 1.5% similar to gas giants but below surface dominated by "ices" (water, methane, etc) |
| Belts | Dark bands (winds/weather) |
| Zones | Light Bands (winds/weather) |
| Great Red Spot | a storm that's raged since we've been observing Jupiter, for over 300 years, size of two Earths |
| doppler shift | the amount by which the wavelength of light is shifted by the doppler effect radial velocity= (observed wavelength x rest wavelength/ rest wavelength) x speed of light |
| Stefan-Boltzman Law - Flux & Luminosity | F= (5.67 * 10^-8) * T^4 L= area * F L= 4 * pi * R^2 *(5.67 x 10^-8) * T^4 |
| distance= velocity x time | d= v * t |
| Kepler's 3rd Law | P^2 in years = a^3 in AU |
| Pluto's Discovery | Percival Lowell did calculations similar to Adams and Leverrier. Determined something must be behind Neptune's orbit. Estimated 7Mg object but died before finding it. Clyde Tombaugh continued search in 1929 DISCOVERY feb18 1930 much smaller than predicted |
| Pluto's moons | Discovered in 1978, Diameter 626 km 26% on pluto's radius. they are locked to each other. orbital period of 6.4 days ohter moons- Hydra & nix 2005 P4 & P5 still unnamed 2012 |
| Pluto's structure | rock core and water ice, ice forms an atmosphere when it is close to the sun |
| Dwarf planets | a body with characteristics similar to those of a classical planet except that it has not cleared smaller bodies from the neighboring regions around its orbit. ex. pluto, ceres, eris, makemake, namaka, haumea, hi'iaka |
| naming conventions- Jupiter's moons | lovers of zeus (67- 50 found since 2000) |
| naming conventions- Saturn's moons | Titans of Greek myths, CHILDREN OF URANUS & GAIA (62 23 found by Cassini) |
| naming conventions- Uranus' moons | shakespeare/ pope character's (27) |
| naming conventions- Neptune's moons | children of Poseidon (13) |
| Active moons- IO | covered in volcanoes, least h2o in solar system |
| Active moons- Enceladus | R=247 km In some regions, craterings erased by ice flows. Blue- Green "tiger stripe" fissures on surface. Cryovolcanism- Ice volcanoes/Geysers |
| Active moons- Neptune's Triton | Discovered only days after Neptune's discovery. retrograde orbit. R= 1352 km. thin N2 atmosphere. Few craters. Features include fault lines and evidence of flooding |
| Active moons- Saturn's Titan | Larger than Mercury. larger & more massive than Pluto. 50% higher pressure than Earth's atmosphere. 95% N2, 5% CH4 and other hydrocarbons. cold enough for methane and ethane to be in liquid form |
| Jupiter's Galilean Moons | IO(active), Europa(probably active), Ganymede (past activity), and Callisto(no signs o activity). Order from Jupiter- I Eat Green Carrots |
| Asteroid Belt | over a million objects. 1000s being discovered each year, 26 greater that 200 km in size, 10^6 1 km in size, total mass is less than the moon |
| asteroids | mostly irregularly shaped, they lack the mass needed for gravity to overcome the strength of the rocks |
| 2 types of comets | SHORT PERIOD- orbit the sun in less than 200 years (jupiter family, halley family). LONG PERIOD COMETS- 1 to 30 million year periods |
| Kuiper Belt | a disk-shaped population of comet nuclei extending from Neptune's orbit to perhaps several thousand astronomical units (AU) from the Sun. The highly populated innermost part of the belt possible source of short period comets |
| Oort Cloud | source of the long period comets |
| anatomy of a comet- Nucleus | icy planetesimal |
| anatomy of a comet- coma | atomspheric gas and dust around an active comet |
| anatomy of a comet- Ion Tail | charges particles affected by the solar wind (always opposite of Sun) |
| anatomy of a comet- Dust Tail | larger particles forms the curved tail |
| meteoroid | fragments floating in space |
| meteor | streak viewed in atmosphere, a "shooting star" |
| meteorite | pieces that survives to hit surface |
Created by:
emilyclawson
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