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SI test 2
chapters 4, 5, 6, 7
Question | Answer |
---|---|
whether our methods of studying variables are accurate | Construct validity |
accuracy of conclusions about cause and effect | internal validity |
whether we can generalize the findings of a study to other settings | external validity |
any event, situation, behavior or individual characteristic that varies | Variable |
set of procedures used to measure or manipulate a variable | operational definition |
increses in the values of one variable are accompanied by increases in the values of the second variable | positive linear relationship |
increses in the values of one variable are accompanied by decreases in the values of the other variables | negative linear relationship |
increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by systematic increases and decreases in the values of the other variable | curvilinear relationshop |
the graph is simply a flat line | no relationship |
a numerical index of the strength of relationship between variables | correlation coefficient |
relationships are studied by making observations or measures of the variables of interest | non experimental method |
direct manipulation and control of variables | experimental method |
difficult to determine which variable which variable causes the other | direction of cause and effect |
any variable that is extraneous to the two variables being studied | third variable problem |
the uncontrolled third variable that is operating | confounding variable |
all extraneous variables are controlled | experimental variable |
ensures that the extraneous variable is just as likely to affect one experimental group as it is to affect the other group | randamization |
variable that is considered to be the cause, manipulated variable | independent variable |
variable that is the effect, measured variable | Dependent variable |
the ability to draw conclusions about causal relationships from the results of a study | internal validity |
extent to which the results can be generalized to other populations and settings | external validity |
the independent variable is manipulated in a natural setting | field experiment |
characteristics of individuals, such as age, gender, ethnic group, nationality, birth order, personality or marital status | participant variables (subject variables, personal attributes) |
refers to the consistency or stability of a measure of behavior | reliability |
real score on the variable | true score |
measuring the same individuals at two points in time | test-retest reliability |
is an assessment of reliability using responses at only one point in time | internal consistency reliability |
the correlation of the total score on one half of the test with the total score on the other half | split half reliability |
provides us with the average of all possible split-half reliability coefficients | Cronbach's alpha |
provide information about each individual item | item-total correlations |
the extent to which raters agree in the observations | interrater reliability |
the evidence for validity is that the measure appears "on the face of it" to measure what it is supposed to measure | face validity |
based on comparing the content of the measure with the universe of content that defines the construct | content validity |
research that uses a measure to predict some future behavior | predictive behavior |
scores on the measure are related to a criterion measured at the same time | concurrent validity |
scores on the measure are related to other measures of the same construct | convergent validity |
score on the measure are not related to other measures that are theoretically different | discriminant validity |
awareness of being measured changes an individuals behavior | reactivity |
no numerical or quantitative properties | nominal scales |
allow us to rank order the levels of the variable being studied | ordinal scales |
the difference between the numbers on the scale is meaningful | interval scale |
zero indicates absence of variable measured | ratio scale |
a tendency to respond to all questions from a particular perspective rather than to provide answers that are directly related to the questions | response set |
obtain a sample of people who meet some predetermined criterion | purposive sampling |