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Chapter 24
Cardiovascular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| function of the heart | provides oxygenated blood throughout the body, blood deposits materials for growth and nutrition, recieves wastes from tissues |
| hypertension | sustained elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure |
| treatment for hypertension | diuretics, vasodilators, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers |
| congestive heart failure | heart pumps less blood than recieves, weak and enlarged heart |
| Symptoms of CHF | upright posture, leaning forward, cyanotic, cough, edema of lower limbs |
| treatment for CHF | glycosides, diuretics, vasodilators, ACE inhibitors, beta-adrenergic blockers, phosphodiesterase inhibitors |
| coronary artery disease | occurs when there is insufficient blood flow to the heart |
| treatment for coronary artery disdease | platelet aggregation inhibitors, anticoagulants, tissue plasminogen inactivators, thrombin inhibitors |
| antiarrythmic drugs | restore normal rhythm patterns but do not cure the cause of the irregular heartbeat |
| cardiac glycosides | used to increase the force of myocardial contraction, without causing an increase in the consumption of oxygen |
| diuretics | used to eliminate excess sodium and water via the urinary tract |
| vasodilators | allow more blood to exit the heart, preventing of mitigating congestion; lower blood pressure |
| angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) | lower high blood pressure; thought to reshape the heart; prevent the body from producing natural vasodilators |
| angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) | similar to ACE inhibitors; block the body's natural vasodilators |
| beta-adrenergic blockers | block cells from recieving natural vasoconstrictors |
| antiadrenergic agents | interfere with the manufacture of vasoconstrictors at nerve endings |
| platelet aggregation inhibitors | reduce the ability if the blood to coagulate |
| anticoagulants | prevent clots from forming or existing clots from getting bigger, do not thin blood or dissolve clots |
| tissue plasminogen activators (TPA) | break down blood clots by reversing the clotting order and interfering with the synthesis of various clotting factors |
| thrombin inhibitors | inactivate bound thrombin by binding to the enzyme and clocking its interaction with its substrates of fibrin |
| antihyperlipedemics | help prevenet the progression of coronary atery disease by lowering plasma levels |
| DOC of anticoagulants | warfarin |
| warfarin prevents and manages what disorders? | deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, clotting |
| DOC of parenteral anticoagulants | Heparin |
| Heparin function | prevent and treat deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, treat thrombophlebitis, prevent clotting during surgery |
| antidote for heparin overdose | protamine sulfate |
| triglycerides | a form of energy stored in adipose and muscle tissues |
| b1 receptors | increase heart rate and force the contraction of the heart muscle |
| B blockers | decrease the heart rate and cardiac output, decrease blood pressure and relax blood vessels |
| beta receptor agonists | increase blood pressure and cardiac output, treat hypotension, treat asthma |
| alpha receptor agonists | block a1 or a2 receptors, decrease vasoconstriction and lower blood pressure, treat hypertension |
| alpha 2 receptor agonists | decrease release of norepinephrine, treat hypertension, opiate addiction, increase clotting rate, abrupt withdrawl leads to hypertensive crisis |
| calcium channel blockers action | antihypertensive action from influx of calcium into cardiac smooth muscle, vasodilation |
| calcium channel blockers function | decreased blood pressure, oxygen demand and heart rate |
| angiotensin converting enzyme | ACE |
| ACE converts what? | angiotensin I to angiotensin II |
| angiotensin II | potent vasodilator, increases blood pressure |
| ACE inhibitors use | hypertension, decrease in sodium/ fluid retention |
| How do ACE inhibitors decrease hypertension? | causes angiotensin I to not convert to angiotensin II, blocks vasoconstriction |
| angiotensin II receptor antagonist | decreases hypertension, less effective than ACE inhibitors |
| what is the oldest drug of the antihypertensive class? | angiotensin II receptor antagonist |
| vasodilator action | relax arteriolar smooth muscle, dilate arteriole |
| vasodilator uses | CHF, angina, hypertension |
| venodilators (nitrates) | relax venous smooth muscle |
| venodilator (nitrate) uses | increased cardiac efficiency, oxygen delivery, pooling of blood in legs |
| What are venodilators not used for? | hypertension |
| cardiac glycosides action | increase muscle contraction, improve irreguar heartbeat |
| what is obtained from the digitalis plant? | cardiac glycosides |
| cardiac glycoside side effect | yellow/green halo |
| diuretic action | anithypertensive, increase urinary excretion of Na, Cl, K, and H2O |
| 4 types of diuretics | thiazide, loop, carbonic anhydrase, potassium sparing |
| cholesterol | soft, waxy substance found among lipids in bloodstream |
| hypercholesterolemia | high level of cholesterol in the blood |
| HDL | high density lipoprotein (good) |
| LDL | low density lipoprotein (bad) |
| VLDL | very low density lipoprotein (very bad) |
| cholesterol lowering drug action | interfere with triglyceride synthesis (Fibrates) |
| lipoprotein lipase | enzyme that breaks down VLDL |
| Fibrates | increase lipoprotein lipase |
| cholesterol lowering drug adverse effects | anemia, myositis |
| HMG CoA reductase | rate controlling enzyme of the metabolic pathway that produces cholesterol |
| statins action | inhibit HMG CoA reductase |
| statin contraindications | anticoagulants and grapefruit juice |
| anticoagulant function | prevents blood from clotting |
| DOC for anticoagulants | warfarin |
| anticoagulant contraindications | vitamin K, antibiotics |
| antithrombotic drug function | decrease platelet aggregation, decrease clotting |
| thrombolytic drug function | break up formed clot (expensive drug), only for life threatening situations |
| angiography | x-ray examination of blood vessels after injection of opaque dye |
Created by:
TaylorRabalais
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