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ethics
The Study of Minorities
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Afrocentrism | A viewpoint emphasizing African culture and its influence on Western civilization and U.S. black behavior. p. 14 |
| Ascribed status | One’s socially defined, unchangeable position in a society based on such arbitrary factors as age, sex, race, or family background. p. 10 |
| Cultural relativism | A view of the customs and beliefs of other peoples within the context of their culture rather than one’s own. p. 12 |
| Dillingham Flaw | Any inaccurate comparison based on simplistic categorizations and anachronistic judgments. p. 16 |
| Dominant group | Any culturally or physically distinctive social grouping possessing economic, political, and social power and discriminating against a subordinate minority group. p. 11 |
| Emigration | Act of leaving one’s country or region to settle in another. p. 9 |
| Endogamy | The tendency for people to marry only within their own social group. p. 10 |
| Ethnicity | A cultural concept in which a large number of people who share learned or acquired traits and close |
| Social construction of reality | The process by which definitions of reality are socially created, objectified, internalized, and then taken for granted. p. 19 |
| Social distance | The degree of closeness or remoteness one desires in interaction with members of a particular group. p. 5 |
| Social identity theory | Holds that ingroup members enhance their self |
| Symbolic interaction | The use of symbols—such as signs, gestures, and language—through which people interact with one another. p. 19 |
| Values | Socially shared conceptions of what is good, desirable, and proper or bad, undesirable, and improper. p. 15 |
| Acculturation | The process by which a group changes its distinctive cultural traits to conform with those of the host society. p. 24 |
| Chain migration | A sequential flow of immigrants to a locality previously settled by friends, relatives, or other compatriots. p. 30 |
| Contact hypothesis | Friendship with outgroup members corresponds to lower prejudice to that group. p. 38 |
| Convergent subcultures | A subgroup gradually becoming completely integrated into the dominant culture. p. 30 |
| Cultural determinism | A theory that a group’s culture explains its position in society and its achievements or lack thereof. p. 36 |
| Cultural differentiation | Differences between cultures that make one group distinguishable from another. p. 36 |
| Cultural diffusion | The spread of ideas, inventions, and practices from one culture to another. p. 29 |
| Cultural transmission | The passing of a society’s culture from one generation to another. p. 28 |
| Culture | The values, attitudes, customs, beliefs, and habits shared by members of a society. p. 24 |
| Culture of poverty | A controversial viewpoint arguing that the disorganization and pathology of lower |
| Culture shock | Feelings of disorientation, anxiety, and a sense of being threatened when unpreparedly brought into contact with another culture. p. 30 |
| Economic determinism | A theory that a society’s economic base establishes its culture and general characteristics. p. 36 |
| Ethnic stratification | Structured inequality of different groups with different access to social rewards as a result of their status in the social hierarchy. p. 38 |
| Ethnic subcultures | Ongoing lifestyles and interaction patterns separate from the larger society that are based on religious or other cultural group memberships. p. 30 |
| Ethnogenesis | A process in which immigrants hold onto some homeland values, adapt others, and adopt some values of the host country. p. 30 |
| Linguistic relativity | The recognition that different languages dissect and present reality differently. p. 26 |
| Marginality | The situation of individuals who are the product of one culture but are attempting to live within another, and therefore are not fully a part of either one. p. 31 |
| Material culture | All physical objects created by members of a society and the meanings/significance attached to them. p. 24 |
| Nonmaterial culture | Abstract human creations and their meanings/ significance in life. p. 24 |
| Norms | The internalized rules of conduct that embody the fundamental expectations of society. p. 24 |
| Occupational mobility | Ability to change one’s job position with regard to status and economic reward. p. 37 |
| Paternalism | A condescending treatment of adults, managing and regulating their affairs as a father would handle his children’s affairs. p. 39 |
| Persistent subcultures | A subgroup adhering to its own way of life and resisting absorption into the dominant culture. p. 31 |
| Social class | A categorization designating people’s places in the stratification hierarchy on the basis of similarities in income, property, power, status, and lifestyle. p. 32 |
| Social stratification | The hierarchy within a society based on the unequal distribution of resources, power, or prestige. p. 32 |
| Social structure | The organized patterns of behavior in a social system governing people’s interrelationships. p. 24 |
| Structural assimilation | Large |
| Thomas theorem | An observation that if people define situations as real, the situations become real in their consequences. p. 28 |
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