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Pharmocology.2
Pharm test 2 - NC State
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe Assessment. | The process of gathering information about the patient, problem, and factors that may influence the drug being given. |
| What is passive diffusion? | molecules move with concentration gradient from higher concentration to lower concentration. No energy needed. |
| What is facilitated diffusion? | molecules move with the concentration gradient using a carrier molecule. No energy is needed. |
| What is active diffusion? | Molecule moves against the concentration gradient, from lesser to greater concentration. This requires a carrier molecule and energy is expended. |
| Pharmacokinetics - describe. | The study of what the body does to a drug from the time the drug enters the body to the time it leaves the body. |
| Pharmacodynamic - describe. | the study of what a drug does to the body. |
| Pharmaceutics - describe. | study of how various forms of drugs influence pharmacokinetics/dynamics. |
| Name the four phases of pharmacokinetics. | Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion. |
| Describe absorption. | The drug molecule enters circulation. |
| Describe distribution. | The drug molecule moves around the body. |
| Describe metabolism. | The drug molecules are changed into metabolites. |
| Describe excretion. | The drug molecules are excreted from the body. |
| Describe onset. | The time that the drug begins to work. |
| Describe peak. | The point at which the drug is in highest concentration. |
| Describe duration. | The point at which the drug ceases to work. |
| Absorption is affected by.... | route, foods/fluids given, dosage, status or absorptive surface, rate of blood flow to small intestine, stomach acidity, GI motility. |
| What is bioavailability? | The degree to which the drug is absorbed into general circulation; amount of drug available to go to the cite of action. |
| What is the first-pass effect? | The drug must first pass through the liver before it reaches systemic circulation. |
| Bound drugs are.... | attached to plasma proteins and unable to exert pharmacological activities. |
| Free drugs are... | not attached to plasma proteins; able to exert pharmacological activity, be metabolized, and excreted. |
| Water soluble drug | small volume of distribution and high blood concentration |
| Fat soluble drug | large volume of distribution and low blood concentration |
| Blood-brain barrier | stops many drugs from crossing into CNS |
| placental barrier | some drugs do not cross - only drugs that do not cross are safe for pregnant women to take. |
| Metabolites... | usually water soluble so they can be excreted by the kidneys |
| Active metabolites | capable of exerting pharmacological activity |
| Inactive metabolites | incapable of pharmacological activity |
| Receptor interactions | attach to receptor cite to elicit or block a response |
| Enzyme interaction | interferes with the reaction of an enzyme that regulates a body function |
| Stimulate body functions | speeds up some part of the body |
| depress body functions | slows down some part of the body |
| replace body substance | replacement therapy, such as hormone replacement |
| destroy cells | antibiotics, antineoplastics |
| Iatrogenic response | unintentional adverse side effect caused by physician or treatment |
| idosyncrasy | odd response |
| teratogenic | causes a birth defect |
| mutagenic | causes changes in genetic makeup |
| Synergistic drug interactions include... | additive, displacement, potentiation, interference |
| Additive | 2 drugs with the same effect combine to double said effect |
| displacement | one drug kicks another drug off of a plasma protein, increasing the effect of the displaced drug |
| potentiation | 2 drugs with different actions combine and the effect is more than doubled |
| interference | one drug interferes with the metabolism or excretion of another drug, increasing the bioavailability. |
| Antagonistic drug interactions include... | decreased absorption, antidote, and enzyme induction |
| Decreased absorptions | drugs bind and form insoluble complexes to decrease effect of both drugs |
| antidote | Drug molecules compete for receptor cites, eliminating the effects of one drug |
| Enzyme induction | decreases bioavailibity of the drug or bothdrugs |
| What is pharmacogenetics? | the study of how genetic differences influence a persons drug response |
| What is the umbrella term> | Pathological use of a substance for purposes other than what it was intended for. |
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