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Psychology101
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| learning | A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience. |
| behaviorism | A theory of learning that focuses solely on ovservable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinkg , wishing, and hoping. |
| conditioning | process of learning associations between two events. |
| observational learning | Learning that takes place when a person ovserves and imitates another's behavior. |
| classical conditioning | Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningsful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. |
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning. |
| unconditioned response (UCR) | An unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by this unconditioned stimulus |
| conditioned response (CR) | The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus pairing. |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus |
| acquisition | The initial learnig the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired |
| generalization | The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stilmulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response. |
| discrimanation | in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others. |
| extinction | The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent. |
| spontaneous recovery | The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning. |
| renewal | The recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context. |
| counterconditioning | A classical conditioning procedures for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response. |
| systemic desensitization | A method of therapy that threats anziety by teaching that client to associate deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety producing situations. |
| aversive conditioning | A form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus |
| operant conditioning | A form of associative learning in which the consequences of behavior change the probability of the behaviors occurance |
| shaping | Rewarding appozimations of a desired behavior |
| positive reinforcement | The presentation of a rewarding stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behaviour. |
| negitive reinforcement | The removal of an unpleasant stimulus flowing a ggiven behaviour in order to increase the frequency of that behavior |
| primary reinforcer | A reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organisms part make it pleasurable |
| secondary reinforcer | A reinforver that acquires its positive value through an organisms experience; a secondary reinforver is a learned or conditioned reinforcer. |
| schedules of reinforcement | specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced |
| punishment | A consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur |
| positive punishment | The presentation of an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior |
| negative punishment | the removal of a positive stimulus following a given behaviour in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior. |
| applied behavior analysis | The use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior |
| latent learning | Unreinforced learning that is not immediateu reflected in behaviour. |
| insight learning | A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problems solution |
| instinctive drift | The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behaviour that interferes with learning |
| preparedness | The species specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others. |
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