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Psychology Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Learning | relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience cannot be explained by instincts, maturation, or temporary states |
| Conditioning | learning specific behaviors in response to certain stimuli |
| Classical Conditioning | learning thru pairing a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | stimulus that naturally leads to some reaction (meat powder) |
| Unconditioned Response | response that naturally follows the unconditioned stimulus (salivation) |
| conditioned stimulus | neutral stimulus we learn to pair with some other stimulus or event (sound of bell) |
| conditioned response | response we learn to make when presented with the conditioned stimulus (salivation due to sound) |
| Operant Conditioning | learn to do voluntary behaviors to earn reward or avoid punishment |
| Schedules of Reinforcement | 1. Fixed interval 2. Variable interval 3. Fixed ratio 4. Variable ratio |
| Pavlov | experiment with dogs (UCS, UCR, NS, CS, CR) |
| Thorndike's Law of Effect | the probability of an action being repeated is strengthened if it is followed by a pleasant or satisfying consequence |
| Skinner | Skinner box: rat receives food pellets each time it pushed the lever |
| Bandura | Bobo Doll Experiment 1965 |
| 3 Key Processes of Memory | Encoding: selective attention Storage: retrieving Retrieval: recover info from storage |
| Ebbinghaus' Forgetting Curve | 3 letter |
| Lashley | 150's/ Rats' memories not localized |
| Loftus | created a false memory about her mother's death |
| Sensory Memory | .5s - visual/ 2-4s - auditory// initial recording of sensory info |
| Short Term Memory | working memory/ holds info thinking about-2s/ 30s 5-9 digits |
| Long Term Memory | unlimited capacity and duration |
| Types of LTM | 1. Explicit: intentionally learned/recall 2. Semantic: general facts 3. Episodic: Personal events 4. Implicit: unintentionally learned |
| Serial Positioning Effect | Remembering the items at the beginning of the list, and the end of the list |
| Memory Improvements | Pay attention, rehearse, encoding specificity, organize, counteract serial-positioning effect, manage your time, acronyms |
| Retrograde Amnesia | memory loss for events prior to brain injury |
| Anterograde Amnesia | memory loss for events after brain injury |
| Alzheimer's Disease | progressive mental deterioration characterized by sever memory loss |
| Barriers to Problem Solving | Irrelevant info, function fixedness, mental set, unnecessary contraints (mental sets, functional fixedness, confirmation bias, availability heuristic, representativeness heuristic) |
| Stanford-Binet | ages 2-24// measures reasoning |
| Wecshler | tests all ages// performance on tasks |
| Gardner | multiple intelligence |
| Sternberg | Analytical+Practice+Creative |
| Galton | Eugenics// regression to the mean |
| twin studies | MZ together: .86 DZ together: .60 MZ apart: .72 |
| 3 stages of PS | 1. Preparation 2. Production 3. Evaluation |
| Spearman | intelligence is a single factor: general intelligence |
| Fluid intelligence | (gf) memory and speed of info processing |
| Crystallized intelligence | (gc) store of knowledge and skills gained through experience and education |
| Concept | mental representation of a category |
Created by:
nwmoser
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