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2psyc
study list 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Consciousness | is generally aware of your surroundings |
| Reticular formation | brain region that controls consciousness |
| Consciousness as sensory awareness | thalamus, senses becoming more alert |
| Consciousness as self-awareness | apart of conscious, aware of self-thinking patterns, and self-concepts |
| Circadian rhythm | Schedules that body follows naturally for basic function. Sleep, wake, eat. Biological clock. |
| • Larks | go to sleep early, most energy in the morning |
| Owls | alert in the evening, sleep well into the morning |
| - Darkness, the pineal gland produces | a hormone called melatonin that lowers body temperature and promotes sleep |
| - Natural light strikes retina, melatonin production | decreases, causing you to wake up. |
| Circadian arrhythmia – jet lag | – time zone effects circadian arrhythmia. Changes melatonin. |
| Brain wave activity | betawaves alpha waves |
| betawaves | alert, awake. Egg waves are between 15 and 20 cycles |
| • alpha waves | awale but relaxed. Egg waves are between 9 and 12 cycles. |
| • stage 1 sleep | theta waves . egg – 4-7 cycles. Become less aware of environment. Sleep muscles relax. |
| • Stage 2 sleep | - Sleep spindles – short burst of brain activity - K-complex – large burst of brain activity - (the brains attempt to monitor the environment while still allowing you to fall asleep. Talking can occur, falling sensation.) |
| - Sleep spindles | short burst of brain activity |
| - K-complex | large burst of brain activity |
| • Stage 3-4 sleep – Delta waves | - Muscles are fully relaxed; heart rate slows, unresponsive to surroundings. - Stage 4 is where the deepest sleep occurs. Sleep walking could happen. |
| REM sleep – Rapid Eye Movement. REM sleep happens when the stages reverse back to two. | - In REM sleep Frontal lobe is inactive. Lymbic system is active. Amygdala explains why you get emotional while dreaming. |
| Insomnia | inability to initiate sleep. - Stress and anxiety prevents sleep - Nightmares |
| Narcolepsy | suddenly enter REM sleep directly from wakefulness • Cataplexy – muscle paralysis that accompanies REM sleep. Triggered by stron emotion and sexual activity. |
| • Cataplexy | muscle paralysis that accompanies REM sleep. Triggered by stron emotion and sexual activity. |
| Sleep apnea | breathing can stop for a minute or more before the body alarms wake the sleeper. (Common for 50yr old men & overweight) |
| Night terrors | experienced during the transition from stage 4 sleep to REM sleep, so the person is not dreaming and is not yet paralyzed. |
| Meditation | may show some theta waves, characteristic of stage 1 sleep. |
| Motivation | guides and maintains behavior to goal. |
| Emotion | physical sensation in the body. Subjective feelings, perception of things. |
| Maslow’s hierarchy of needs | questions from class discussion |
| Kenrick’s hierarchy | • More modern theory. Mostly about relationship. |
| Homeostasis | a steady internal balance or equilibrium. |
| Set point | a value actively defended to maintain homeostasis. |
| Drive | a state of arousal or tension resulting from stimuli that are important to survival |
| Drive reduction | the feeling of relief and reward following a return to equilibrium. |
| Incentives | rewards that motivate behavior without the experience of any unpleasant drive state. |
| Emotions and ANS | how temp rise and drop depending on emotion. |
| Learning | change in behavior due to experience. |
| Classical conditioning Pavlov’s dog and bell experiment | - Reflexes, stimuli, and responses. - Stimuli – object events experiences. • Unconditioned – not learned • Conditioned – learned, creates response |
| (before conditioning) | neutral conditioning - bell |
| (during conditioning | – neutral stimulus – bell and present food |
| (after conditioning | conditioned responses – dog sal |
| Conditioned emotional responses – Little Albert | - White rat and steel bar with hammer. - Baby was 9 months - Experiment done by Watson |
| Operant conditioning – BF Skinner | - Responses are voluntary. Reinforcement must be immediate. |
| Thorndike’s puzzle box | - Responses followed by pleasurable consequences then its repeated. ( the cat inside the cage) |
| Reinforcement | any consequences that make a response more likely. |
| Secondary reinforcement | reinforcing via pairing with primary reinforcement. |
| Positive reinforcement | addition of pleasurable stimulus. (work hard get money) |
| Negative reinforcement | removing an aversive stimulus. ( study to keep scholarship) avoid negative. |
| Punishment | consequences that make a response less likely. |
| Punishment by application | addition of unpleasant stimulus adding consequences. (chores) |
| Punishment by removal | removable of pleasurable stimulus. Taking car keys away. |
| Punishment problems | - Severe punishment, fear, and anxiety. - Severe punishment and avoidance - Modeling of aggression. |
| Making punishment more effective | - Should be immediate - Should be consistent - Should be paired with reinforcement for correct behavior. |
| Fixed ratio | constant, same number of desired response required. 10 calls = $20 |
| Variable ratio | no constant, varies 2 6 12 13 |
| Fixed interval | always same time before reinforcement opportunity. Class, pay day. |
| Variable interval | reinforcement possibilities after varying amounts of time. Traffic, holding time. |
| Memory | system that sense, organizes, altering, storing, retrieving information. (hippocampus) |
| Encoding | converting environmental and mental stimuli into memorable brain codes. |
| Retrieval | pulling information from storage |
| Storage | hold on to what was encoded. |
| Sensory memory | encoding a ton of info senses. • main process – pattern recognition. Icon and echos • capacity – large but not unlimited • duration – very brief |
| Short term memory | • encoding – visual/ auditory – visual sketch pad. • Capacity – magical number 7(learn in 7) expand via chunking(smaller meaningful chucks) • Duration- 12 to 30 sec. maintenance rehearsal ( repeating info) |
| Long term memory | - Information kept more or less permanently. |
| Encoding specificity | how you remember the information originally. Going to crimes scene. |
| Recall | retrieve with few or no external cues. Fill in the blanks. |
| Recognition | looking at or hearing info already remembered. (multiple choice) |
| Tip of the tongue | remember it but if its at the beginning that the middle. |
| Serial position effect | info is remembered better at the beginning and end of the list. |
| Primacy effect | words remembered better at the very beginning than the middle. |
| Recency effect | words remembered better at the end than others. |
| Flashbulb memory – | automatic encoding due to unexpected highly emotional events . |
| Forgetting | failure to store information |
| Memory trace | physical change in the brain that occurs when memory is formed. |
| Decay | – loss of memory to disuse. |
| Proactive interference | information learned earlier infers with learned later. Used to Type writer and but not keyboard. |
| Retroactive interference | info learned later interferes with information learned earlier. (not wanting to go back to windows xp because go used to windows 7) |
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