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Pharmacology review
review for upcoming pharmo exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Free radicals & damage accumulation are involved in | ageing |
| what electrolyte is responsible for ECF osmotic balance | Sodium |
| Potassium is responsible for | ICF osmotic balance |
| what is the normal level of sodium | 135-145 + or - 15 |
| what is the normal level of potassium | 3.5-5.3 |
| what are antibodies produced by | B cells and plasma cells |
| what is involved in microcirculation inflammation | vasodilation, vascular permeability & emigration of leukocytes |
| what are the functions of inflammation | destroys injurious agents, confines agents and promotes healing |
| what affect does cortisol have on metabolism | affects protein catabolism |
| what is a useful level of stress | eosinphil & lymphocyte count and adrenocorticoid levels |
| what effects do severe stress have on the body | change in breathing, increased heart rate & a rise in adrenaline |
| what is a common response to respiration dysfunction | fatigue |
| inactivation of a drug within the blood is caused by | protein binding |
| what effects do endorphins have on pain | decrease pain sensation - opiod like |
| prostaglandins, bradykinins & lymphokines all do what? | promote pain |
| what happens with TIA | focal neurological defects that develop suddenly and clear within 24hours |
| glycogen may be found in large amounts in the.. | liver |
| what solubility are anesthetics | lipid soluble. large people take longer to wake up |
| how can serous be distinguished from mucous | more watery |
| bones cease to lengthen when.. | puberty ends |
| synovial fluid acts to.. | lubricate the joints |
| MS is caused by | absence of axon terminals and deterioration of myelin sheath |
| Most CO2 is transported in the blood by | dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate |
| Pernicious anaemia is related to | defect of vitamin B12. insufficient hemopoiesis results in inability of stomach to produce intrinsic factor needed for absorption of vit. b12. |
| Blockage in coronary artery that causes myocardial destruction is | myocardial infarction |
| in type 1 hypersensitivity, histamine causes | angioedema- rapid swelling of dermis, s/c tissue |
| Acquired immune defects are caused by | viruses and infections |
| how is Hep b transmitted | by blood and body fluid |
| what commences the chain of infection | reservoirs |
| compensation of low cardiac output is achieved by | increased heart rate |
| how much residual urine is left in a healthy bladder | 30ml |
| incontinence is related to | neurological |
| what are the factors of acne | genetics, hormonal and bacterial infections |
| what is the pathophysiology response immediately following a fracture | include muscle spasms and pain |
| early manifestation of renal cancer is | fatigue- for most cancers |
| what is a risk factor for osteoporosis | sedentary life style |
| in impaired O2 perfusion you would see | diaphorisis, cool skin & restlessness |
| senile plaque formation is associated with | alzheimers |
| seizure threshold may be lowered by | fatigue, lights, alcohol, >cortisol, lack of sleep, noise & recreational drugs |
| cutaneous manifestations associated with anaphylatic shock | urticaria - hives |
| insects stings are a common cause of | anaphylactic shock |
| Psoriasis may be caused by | biochemical alteration, genetic predisposition. cannot be caused by contact! |
| Herpes zoster (shingles) is | pain over nerve distribution area, erythemia, vesicles, fever & malaise |
| urticaria is caused by | histamine |
| what reverses broncho constriction | adrenaline |
| an injury to ligament of the joint caused by overuse or twisting motion | sprain |
| difference between sprain and strain | strain- muscle & tendons sprain- ligaments |
| hypovalaemia is a direct outcome of | decreased body fluid |
| failure to thrive in the elderly usually occurs secondary to | depression |
| in early stages of shock | blood is shunted to the brain |
| in mild stages of hypovalaemic shock | pale skin, normal blood pressure, decreased cardiac out put |
| activation of renin angiotension pathway in shock causes | fluid retention |
| in early stages of alzheimers you would notice | memory loss & forgetfullness |
| what are the characteristics of inflammation | redness, pain, heat & swelling |
| a nonspecific resistance mechanism | inflammation |
| what are the 3 basic stages of inflammation | vasodilation & increased permeability of blood emigration of macrophages from blood into interstitial fluid tissue repair |
| what initiates inflammation | mast cells |
| what is the function of eosinphils | clean up and turn off inflammation |
| what is the function of NSAID | inhibit a key enzyme in protaglandin synthesis without affecting synthesis of leukotrienes |
| what is a communicable disease | can be transmitted from one human to another human or from animals |
| what is involved in the chain of infection | infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry & susceptible host |
| type 2 diabetes effect on insulin | gradual onset. B cell exhaustion occurs due to continually high glucose levels & hyperinsulinaemia |
| type 2 diabetes symptoms | non-specific, fatigue, recurrent infections, prolonged would healing & visual changes |
| chronic complications of diabetes | angiopathy - macro & microvascular retinopathy nephropathy neuropathy skin conditions & infections |
| what is diabetes a risk factor for | Coronary heart disease and CVA |
| asthma is characterised by | bronchospasm |
| inflammatory mediators in the early stage of asthma cause | bronchial smooth muscle contraction, increased vasodilation & permeability & epithelial damage |
| what is the response of the early phase of asthma | increased mucous secretion, oedema formation & increased amounts of tenacious sputum |
| what is the primary characterization of the late phase of asthma | inflammation. mediators increase airway reactivity causing hyperresponsiveness to allergens |
| what occurs in the late phase of asthma | increased airway resistance leads to air trapping in the alveoli & hyperinflation of the lungs |
| what are the clinical manifestations of asthma | wheeze, silent chest, anxiety, feeling of suffocation, restlessness, tachycardia & hypertensive |
| what is COPD | characterized by presence of airflow obstruction. caused by emphysema or chronic bronchitis, usually progressive & non reversible. |
| what is emphysema | abnormal permanent enlargement of the gas exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis, loss of elastic recoil |
| what is chronic bronchitis | hypersecretion of mucus and chronic productive cough, hyperplasia of mucus secreting glands in the trachea & bronchi, disappearance of cilia |
| manifestations of chronic bronchitis | bronchospasm, cough, frequent resp. infections, dysponea on exertion, ruddy appearance, hypoxemia & hypercapnia, cyanosis |
| what are the 6 concepts of pharmacodynamics | agonist & antagonist. regulatory proteins, receptors & desensitization affinity specificity efficacy potency |
| what are the steps in pharmacokinetics | absorption, distribution, bio transformation & elemination |
| what is pharmacokinetics | what the body does to the drug |
| what is pharmacodynamics | what the drug does to the body |
| What are the torts of pharamcology | Negligence. Assault. Battery. Trespass. Defamation |
| Define Negligence | failure to do/not do something that a a reasonable person would/wouldn't do. |
| What is omission and commission in regards to negligence | Omission: an action not taken Commission: an action taken |
| Define assault | An intentional or reckless act. ? assault with drugs |
| Define battery | the intentional or negligent application of force |
| Define trespass | To enter without permission.to invade |
| Define defamation | dishonour/disrespect the person. discussing pt in public |
| Define malpractice | deliberate actions which are inappropriate to professional practice |
| Define professional misconduct | amounts to malpractice by a nurse in relation to the class of nursing in respect of the scope of practice |
| what are the regulations in the medicines act 1981 | prescription only pharmacist only Pharmacy only General sale |
| what are the groups in misuse of drugs act 1975 | controlled and uncontrolled |
| what are the main effects of aspirin | analgesic - mild-moderate antipyretic (reduce fever) anti inflammatory |
| How does aspirin exert its effects | reduce fever by dilating peripheral blood vessels. Reduce pain/inflammation by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins |
| what are prostaglandins | mediators of inflammatory and pain responses. Help tissues remain healthy & functional |
| this drug prolongs bleeding time by inhibiting the aggregation of platelets | aspirin |
| what are the adverse reactions from saicylates (aspirin) | GI upset, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, GI bleeding & allergic reactions |
| Give example of NSAID | ibuprofen, naproxen ?aspirin |
| what are ace inhibitors | inhibit the actions of angiotensin converting enzyme therefore decreases BP |
| how to know if a drug is an ACE inhibitor | ends in 'pril' |
| What causes angiotensin to be released | renin released from the kidney following drop in Na or blood volume which causes the release of angiotensin 1 which is converted to agiotension 2 by ACE |
| what does angiotensin do | potent rise in BP by vasoconstriction, stimulation of SNS stimulate adrenal gland to release aldosterone= hypernatreamia hypokalaemia |
| how to know if a drug is a beta blocker | end in 'lol' metopralol |
| what is the effect of beta blockers (B1) | Decrease HR & cardiac output. |
| what are the types of anaemia | iron deficiency. megaloblastic. pernicious. haemorrgagic. hemolytic. Thalassemia. aplastic |
| what causes megaloblastic anaemia | inadequate intake of vit. B12 or folic acid. red bone marrow produces large abnormal RBC |
| what is hemolytic anaemia | RBC plasma membranes rupture prematurely, heamoglobin pours into plasma & may damage kidney |
| what can cause hemolytic anaemia | inherited defects, parasites, toxins or antibodies |
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