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Psychology Ch. 7
Memory: Remembrance of Things Past - and Future
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Memory that clearly and distinctly expresses (explicates) specific information; also referred to as declarative memory | Explicit Memory |
| Memories of events experienced by a person or that take place in the person's presence | Episodic Memory |
| General knowledge, as opposed to episodic memory | Semantic Memory |
| Memory that is suggested (implied) but not plainly expressed, as illustrated in the things that people do but do not state clearly; also referred to as nondeclarative memory | Implicit Memory |
| The activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory | Priming |
| Memory for past events, activities, and learning experiences, as shown by explicit (episodic and semantic) and implicit memories | Retrospective Memory |
| Memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs | Prospective Memory |
| Modifying information so that it can be placed in memory; the first stage of information processing | Encoding |
| Metal representation of information as a picture | Visual Code |
| Mental representation of information as a sequence of sounds | Acoustic Code |
| Mental representation of information according to its meaning | Semantic Code |
| The maintenance of information over time; the second stage of information processing | Storage |
| Mental repetition of information to keep it in memory | Maintenance Rehearsal |
| Self-awareness of the ways memory functions, allowing the person to encode, store, and retrieve information effectively | Metamemory |
| The kind of coding in which new information is related to information that is already known | Elaborative Rehearsal |
| The location of stored information and its return to consciousness; the third stage of information processing | Retrieval |
| A clue or prompt that can be used to enable or trigger the recovery of a memory in storage | Retrieval Cue |
| The processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved | Memory |
| The rapid jumps made by a person's eyes as they fixate on different points | Saccadic Eye Movement |
| The type or stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus; holds impressions briefly, but long enough so that series of perceptions are psychologically continuous | Sensory Memory |
| An assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus; said to be "held" in sensory registers | Memory Trace |
| A system of memory that holds information briefly, but long enough so that it can be processed further; may be one for every sense | Sensory Register |
| A mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory | Icon |
| The sensory register that briefly holds mental representation of visual stimuli | Iconic Memory |
| The maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes | Eidetic Imagery |
| A mental representation of an auditory stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory | Echo |
| The sensory register that briefly olds mental representations of auditory stimuli | Echoic Memory |
| The type or stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays; also called working memory | Short-Term Memory |
| The tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series | Serial-Position Effect |
| The tendency to recall the initial items in a series of items | Primacy Effect |
| The tendency to recall the last items in a series of items | Recency Effect |
| A stimulus or group of stimuli that is perceived as a discrete piece of information | Chunk |
| Mechanical associative learning that is based on repetition | Rote |
| In memory theory, to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information | Displace |
| The type or stage of memory capable of relatively permanent storage | Long-Term Memory |
| In Freud's psychodynamic theory, the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness | Repression |
| A way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation, that can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations | Schema |
| A memory that is highly detailed and strongly emotionally elaborated because of its great and unusual significance | Flashbulb Memory |
| The feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved; also called the feeling-of -knowing experience | Tip-of-the-Tongue (TOT) Phenomenon |
| Information that is better retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored, or learned | Context-Dependent Memory |
| Information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored, or learned | State-Dependent Memory |
| Meaningless sets of two consonants, with a vowel sandwiched between, that are sued to study memory | Nonsense Syllables |
| Noted that memory deteriorated as time passed; discovered that most of forgetting occurs immediately after learning; once rehearsed 420 lists of 16 nonsense syllables 34 times each | Hermann Ebbinghaus |
| In information processing, the easiest memory task, involving identification of objects or evens encountered before | Recognition |
| Retrieval or reconstruction of learned material | Recall |
| Nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall | Paired Associates |
| A measure of retention; usually occurs more quickly that initial learning | Relearning |
| A measure of retention in which the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed in calculated | Method of Savings |
| The difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed | Savings |
| The view that we may forget stored material because other learning interferes with it | Interference Theory |
| The interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously; new blocks old | Retroactive Interference |
| The interference of old learning with the ability to retrieve material learned recently; old blocks new | Proactive Interference |
| Amnesia though to stem from psychological conflict or trauma | Dissociative Amnesia |
| Inability to recall events that occurred prior to the age of 3 or so; also termed childhood amnesia | Infantile Amnesia |
| A structure in the limbic system that plays an important role in the formation of new memories | Hippocampus |
| Failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effects of the trama | Anterograde Amnesia |
| Failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma | Retrograde Amnesia |
| An assumed electrical circuit in the brain that corresponded to a memory trace | Engram |
| Enhanced efficiency in synaptic transmission that follows brief, rapid stimulation | Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) |
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