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Psychology Ch. 6
Learning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| According to behaviorists a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience; according to cognitive theorists, the process by which organisms make relatively permanent changes in the way they represent to environment due to changes | Learning |
| A simple form of learning in which an organism comes ot associate or anticipate events; a neutral stimulus come to evoke the response usually evoked by another stimulus by being paired repeatedly with the other stimulus | Classical Conditioning |
| A simple unlearned response to a stimulus | Reflex |
| An environmental condition that elicits a response | Stimulus |
| A dedicated psychologist who spent much of his life studying digestion; threatened to fire anyone in his lab who used psychological terms to describe conditioned reflexes, which he saw as brain reflexes not as examples of associative learning | Ivan Pavlov |
| A stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning | Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
| An unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus | Unconditioned Response (UCR) |
| An unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus | Orienting Response |
| A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already elicited that response | Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
| A learned response to a conditioned stimulus | Conditioned Response (CR) |
| The process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur | Extinction |
| In conditioning, the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned | Generalization |
| In conditioning, the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not forecast an unconditioned stimulus | Discrimination |
| A classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a conditioned stimulus by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus | Higher Order Conditioning |
| Readiness to acquire a certain kind of conditioned response due to the biological makeup of the organism | Biological Preparedness |
| A fear-reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear-evoking stimuli so that the fear-evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities | Counterconditioning |
| A behavioral fear-reduction technique based on principles of classical conditioning; fear-evoking stimuli (CSs) are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses (CRs) are extinguished | Flooding |
| A behavioral fear-reduction technique in which a hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed | Systematic Desensitization |
| Thorndike's view that pleasant events stamp in responses, and unpleasant events stamp them out | Law of Effect |
| A pleasant stimulus that increases the frequency of the behavior it follows | Reward |
| An unpleasant stimulus that suppresses the behavior it follows | Punishment |
| Used principles of reinforcement and applied them to programmed learning, behavior modification programs for helping people with disorders ranging from substance abuse to phobias to sexual dysfunctions | B.F. Skinner |
| Behavior that operates on, or manipulates, the environment | Operant Behavior |
| A simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in certain behavior because it is reinforced | Operant Conditioning |
| The same as an operant behavior | Operant |
| An instrument that records the frequency of an organism's operants (or "correct" responses) as a function of the passage of time | Cumulative Recorder |
| A reinforcer that when presented increases the frequency of an operant | Positive Reinforcer |
| A reinforcer that when removed increases the frequency of an operant | Negative Reinforcer |
| A reinforcer whose effectiveness is based on the biological makeup of the organism and not on learning | Primary Reinforcer |
| A stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with established reinforcers | Secondary Reinforcer |
| Another term for a secondary reinforcer | Conditioned Reinforcer |
| Removal of an organism from a situation in which reinforcement is available when unwanted behavior is shown | Time Out |
| In operant conditioning, a stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is available | Discriminative Stimulus |
| A schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced | Continuous Reinforcement |
| One of several reinforcement schedules in which not every correct response in reinforced | Partial Reinforcement |
| A schedule in which a fixed amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available | Fixed-Interval Schedule |
| A schedule in which a variable amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available | Variable-Interval Schedule |
| A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses | Fixed-Ratio Schedule |
| A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses | Variable-Ratio Schedule |
| A procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior | Shaping |
| Behaviors that are progressively closer to a target behavior | Successive Approximations |
| Therapy techniques based on principles of learning that teach adaptive behavior and extinguish or discourage maladaptive behavior | Behavior Modification |
| A method of teaching that breaks down tasks into small steps, each of which is reinforced and then combined to form the correct behavioral chain | Programmed Learning |
| A mental representation of the layout of one's environment | Cognitive Map |
| Learning that is hidden or concealed | Latent Learning |
| An organism that engages in a response that is then imitated by another organism | Model |
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