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Chapter 22
Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| norepinephrine | monoamine; sympathetic nervous system excites heart; dreaming, waking, and mood |
| epinephrine | monoamine; similar to norepinephrine |
| dopamine | monoamine; elevates mood, controls skeletal muscles |
| seratonin | monoamine; controls sleep, mood, and thermoregulation |
| histamine | monoamine; vasodilator |
| What does the central nervous system coordinate? | muscle movements, visualization, temperature regulation, pain, sensation |
| ganglion | swelling of cell bodies in a nerve |
| Three basic steps of the nervous system | sense organs recieve information, brain and spinal cord determine responses, brain and spinal cord issue comands to glands and musc |
| What are the 3 characteristics of neurons? | excitability, conductivity, and secretion |
| excitability | ability to respond to changes in body and stimuli |
| conductivity | produce electrical signals |
| secretion | neurotransmitter is secreted |
| What is the sympathetic nervous system governed by? | norepinephrine |
| sympathetic nervous system | fight or flight |
| sympathetic nervous system decreases activity of what? | stomach and genitourinary |
| parasympathetic nervous system | rest and relaxation |
| parasympathetic nervous system increases what? | stomach and genitourinary |
| How is ADHD treated? | by increasing dopamine, norepinephrine, and seratonin levels, mostly dopamine |
| What is ADHD treated with? | CNS stimulants, tricyclic antidepressants |
| Drug of choice for ADHD | methylphenidate |
| What is the main neurotransmitter involved with treatment of depression | seratonin |
| 4 classes of antidepressants | SSRI, MAOI, tricyclic, tetracyclic, and heterocyclic antidepressants, unclassified |
| SSRI | selective seratonin reuptake inhibitor |
| Drug of choice for depression | SSRI's |
| function of SSRI's | increase levels of seratonin, increase receptor stimulation, vasodilator, treat migranes |
| What decreases citalopram's clearance? | anti-fungals and antibiotics |
| What is 100x more potent than Celexa? | escitalopram |
| tricyclic antidepressant function | decrease norepinephrine and seratonin reuptake |
| tricyclic antidepressnat contraindications | drugs that increase norepinephrine and seratonin levels, patients with hyperthyroidism, glaucoma, or had a heart attack |
| tetracyclic antidepressants | potent antagonists at central a2 receptors leading to increased norepinephrine |
| heterocyclic antidepressants | decrease seratonin release, not abusable because mood elevation only occurs in clinically depressed patients |
| MAOI | monoamine oxidase inhibitor |
| Why are MAOI's barely used? | because too many food and drug interactions |
| unclassified antidepressant | bupropion (Wellbutrin) |
| Wellbutrin functions | inhibit dopamine uptake, smoking cessation |
| alzheimer's disease | degeneration of neurons and deficiency of ACh and nerve growth factors |
| how is alzheimer's disease diagnosed? | at autopsy, atrophy of gyri folds in cerebral cortex, neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques |
| Alzheimer's disease drugs function | increase ACh in the brain, inhibit acetylcholinosterase |
| schizophrenia cause | increased levels of dopamine in the striatum |
| schizophrenia drug function | block dopamine receptors |
| What is the most widely used antipsychotic? | Phenothiazine antipsychotic |
| characteristics of phenothiazine antipsychotic | high first pass through the liver, high postural hypotension, cant be taken with epinephrine |
| postural hypotension | drop in bp after standing, may pass out |
| tardive dykinesia | irreversible motor damage (ex smacking lips) caused by phenothiazine antipsychotics |
| extrapyramidal effects | parkinson's like effects caused by phenothiazine antipsychotics |
| schizophrenia drug side effects | increased prolactin, gynecomastia, parkinson's like symptoms, neuroleptic malignant syndrome |
| neuroleptic malignant syndrome | |
| skeletal muscle relaxant side effects | sedation, drowsiness, dependance |
| non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | decrease pain and inflammation (NSAID) |
| non steroidal pain relievers | decrease pain (APAP) |
| pain reliever function | inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) |
| Cox-1 | enzyme for platelet aggregation |
| NSAIDs that affect Cox-1 | cause stomach ulcers, prolong bleeding time |
| Cox-2 | inhibited by anti-inflammatories, does not promote stomach ulcers |
| Aspirin | ASA, acetylsalicylic acid |
| ASA side effects | irreversible effects on Cox-1, antithrombotic effect, promotes ulcers, prolongs bleeding time, synergistic effects with anti-coagulates (cumadin) additive effects with anti-thrombotics |
| only NSAID that comes in suppository form | indomethacin |
| most common mental illness in US | anxiety disorder |
| barbituate and benzodiazepine function | increase GABA , decrease neuronal transmission, decreased mental activity, relaxation, and sleep |
| benzodiazepine addiction | psychological |
| barbituate addiction | psychological and physical |
| 2 classes of drugs for insomnia | benzodiazepines and anti-histamines |
| 2 types of insomnia | delayed sleep, premature awakening |
| 3 types of seizures | petit mal, grand mal, partial seizure |
| anticonvulsant function | decrease the excitability of neuronal membranes so spikes dont occur |
| how do anticonvulsants decrease the excitability of neuronal membranes? | decrease Na and K, increase Cl, decrease excitatory neurotransmitter release |
| status epilepticus | life threatening seizure condition caused by abrupt withdrawal from anticonvulsants |
Created by:
TaylorRabalais
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