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AP PSYCH
CH 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Psychobiology? | Psychobiology: Branch of psych that deals with the biological basis of behavior &mental processes. |
| What are psychobiologists? | They study the brain’s influence on behavior AKA Neuropsychologists |
| What is Plasticity? | The ability to adapt to new environment conditions. |
| What is the Nervous System? | divided into the Central Nervous System, the Peripheral Nervous System, & the Endocrine System |
| What is the Central Nervous System? | Division of NS, consists of the brain & spinal cord |
| What is the Peripheral Nervous System? | Division of NS, it connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body |
| What is the Endocrine System? | Division of NS, made up of glands that secrete chemical messages into the blood. |
| What is a Neuron? and what does it entitle? | Basic building blocks of the brain & nervous system, they are the messengers, brain has as many as 100 billion nerve cells or neurons. |
| What does the Sensory(AFFERENT) neuron do? | carry messages from sense organs to the spinal cord or brain |
| What does the Motor (EFFERENT)neurons do? | carry messages from the spinal cord or brain to the muscles & glands. |
| What does an Interneuron(association)neuron do? | carry messages from one neuron to another. |
| What is a tract?(nerve cell) | group of axons bundled together like wiring in an electrical cable |
| What is the Myelin Sheath? | Surrounds the axon. Material is a white fatty covering. The MS is “pinched” at parts that makes the axons look like sausages. Not all axons have MS ,but MS are found in all areas of the body Has 2 functions: to provide insulation so adjacent |
| What is gray Matter? | tissues made up primarily of Unmyelinted axons |
| What is white matter? | tissue made up primarily of myelinted axons |
| What is an axon/what does it do? | 1 long fiber that extends from the cell body, it carries outgoing messages to neighboring neurons, muscles, or glands. (transmits signals)1 to 2 mm to 3 ft. Ex Adults axons run from the brain to base of spinal cord or from spinal cord to tip of thumb |
| What are dendrites(dendron greek meaning tree)? | It receives signals or incoming messages, they are short treelike fibers that branch out from the cell body. |
| What are glial cells/glia?(greek word meaning glue | • hold the neuron in place, provide nourishment • remove waste products, • prevent harmful substances from going from the bloodstream to the brain, • Forms the myelin sheath that insulates & protects neurons. |
| What are neurons? | have a membrane around the cell that forms a partial barrier between the fluids that are inside & outside of the neuron. The fluids contain ions. |
| What are IONS? | electrically charged particles found inside & outside of the neuron |
| What is the process of the neural impulse? | Resting potential, polarization, depolarization, action potential(neural impulse), graded potential, threshold of excitement, absolute refractory period, relative refractory period |
| What are the 8 major neurotransmitters? | psychopharmacolgy, acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, NORepinephrine, endorphins, glutamate, GABA, glycene |
| What is the hippocampus? | Brain structure involved in forming memories in humans & other animals. |
| What is neurogenesis? | production of new brain cells |
| What is the nervous system? | made up of neurons with functionality based on neural impulses. |
| What is the Central Nervous System? | Division of nervous system, that consists of the brain & spinal cord. (CNS) Includes the brain & spinal cord=more than 90% of the body’s neurons. |
| What is the Peripheral Nervous System? | consists of nerves that connect the bran & spinal cord to every other part of the body, carries messages, to & from between CNS & the sense organs, muscles,& glands. |
| What is the Somatic Nervous System? | part of the peripheral nervous system ,transmits information about body movements & the external environment |
| What is the Autonomic Nervous System? | also a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system: transmits info to & from the internal organs & glands. |
| What is the Brain? | place where learning, memory,& emotions are centered, three layers that evolved in different stages of evolution. Each brain is different/person |
| what is the Central Core? | point where the spinal cord enters the skull; it becomes the hindbrain. AP test won’t recognize the Central Core |
| What is the hindbrain? | (area containing the medulla, pons,& cerebellum, earliest part of the brain to evolve) |
| What is the Medulla(MEDUSA)? | Regulates respiration, heart rate, blood pressure,1.5in long crossroads for nerves |
| What is the Pons(pons the pillow)? | Regulates sleep-wake cycles via chemicals |
| What transmits messages to the upper areas of the brain? | Pons & the Medulla |
| What is the cerebellum"little brain"? | regulates reflexes & balance in the hindbrain. |
| What is the thalamus? | Major sensory relay center, regulates higher brain centers & peripheral nervous system. |
| What is the HYPOthalamus? | emotion& motivation ,stress reactions |
| What is the mid-brain?What is it important for? | Region between the hindbrain & the forebrain, it’s important for hearing& sight, & it’s one of several places in the brain where pain is registered. |
| What is the Thalamus? | Forebrain region that relays & translates incoming messages from the sense receptors, except those for smell |
| What is the Reticular Formation?(Dr.Reticulus) | Network of neurons in the hindbrain ,the mid brain, & part of the forebrain whose primary function is to alert & arouse the higher parts of the brain. End of part4-5 |
| What is the Limbic System? | Ring of structures located btwn central core/cerebral hemisphere,heightens pleasure expierence,& coordinates/integrates NervsouSystem in times of stress |
| What is the Hippocampus? | Crucial to the formation of new memories |
| What is the Amy-G-Dolla(Amygdala)?How does it work with the hippocampus? | Almond shaped mass of gray matter deep in each cerebral hemisphere, associated with the hippocampus, together they regulate emotions related to self-preservation. |
| What is the Cerebral Cortex? | Divided into 2 hemispheres & covered by unmyelinted cells (gray matter) It’s 80% of the brain’s weight, & 70% of neurons in the CNS |
| What is the Cerebrum? | Balloons out over & around the central core & limbic system, it takes up most of the room in the skull |
| What is the Cerebral hemisphere? | Most evolved portion of the brain ,regulates the most complex behavior. Each CH is divided into 4 lobes, described by deep fissures on the surface of the brain. |
| What are convolutions? | Intricate pattern unique to each person, consists of folds, hills,& valleys in the brain. |
| what does the Occipital lobe do? | Receives & processes visual information |
| Where & what does the Temporal lobe do? | Behind the temples, helps me to perform complex behavioral tasks such as recognizing faces |
| Where & What does the Parietal lobe do? | sits on top of the temporal & occipital lobes, receives sensory info from all over the body & fissures in spatial abilities. |
| Where & What does the Frontal lobe do? | receives & coordinates messages from the other lobes & keeps track of past & future body movement. Responsible for goal-directed behavior & is key to the ability to lead a mature emotional life. Its in the front of the brain |
| What does the Primary somatosensory cortex do? | receives sensory messages from the entire body |
| What does the primary MOTOR cortex do? | sends messages from the brain to various muscles & glands in the body. |
| What are Association Areas? | Areas that are free to process all kinds of info, makes up most of the cerebral cortex, & enables the brain to produce behaviors requiring the coordination of many brain areas. |
| What does the Right Hemisphere do/what side of the body does it control? | Excels at nonverbal & spatial tasks, controls the left side of the body, excels at visual tasks, visual images, music, perception, & expression of emotion |
| What does the Left Hemisphere do/what side of the body does it control? | Dominates in verbal tasks such as speaking & writing, controls the right side of the body, ability to talk |
| What does the Corpus Callousm do/where is it located? | 2 cerebral hemispheres are connected by this, through which they communicate & coordinate. Its located between the hemispheres |
| what is a split brain procedure(corpus callosotomy)? | Split-brain surgery, is a medical procedure that involves cutting the corpus callosum, which connects the two hemispheres of the brain, to treat epilepsy. Unlike other epilepsy-treating procedures, a callosotomy doesnt remove brain tissue |
| Who is paul broca/what did he do? | “Broca’s area” Paul was a French physician in the 1860’s,his idea was that language was controlled primarily in the left cerebral hemisphere. Broca’s area is located in the left frontal lobe ability to talk (more for talking). |
| Who is Karl Wernicke/what did he do? | He modified Paul’s idea a decade later, “Wernicke’s area” lies toward the back of the temporal lobe, this area is crucial for processing & understanding what others are saying (more for listening) |
| What are Aphasias? | Predictable language problems, brain damage in the Broca’s area tends to be “expressive”(talking),in Wernicke’s area aphasia tends to be “receptive”(listening) |
| Imaging:What are MICROelectrode techniques? | these recording techniques are used to study formations of single neurons. |
| Imaging:What are MACROelectrode techniques? | reading techniques used to obtain a picture of activity in particular regions of brain, which contain millions of neurons. |
| What is Structural Imaging? | On computer snapshot of brain, CT and MRI….MRI has BEST picture I can get for the brain. |
| What is Functional Imaging? | measures functioning of the brain, EEG best device for electrical activity in the brain |
| What is a CT/CAT scan? | computerized axial technology, prompts three-dimensional image of a living human brain. |
| What is an MRI?what type of imaging has the best picture? | Has best picture i can get for the brain(structural image),Magnetic Resonance Imaging: produces pics of inner brain structures. |
| How many divisions does the Peripheral Nervous System have? | has 2 major divisions, Somatic Nervous System(SNS),and the Autonomic Nervous System(ANS). |
| What does the Somatic Nervous System(SNS)? | carries messages from the senses to the CNS, & between the CNS and skeletal muscles. Senses: Sights sounds ,smells ,temp ,pressure, as well as voluntary actions happen here. |
| What does the Autonomic Nervous System(ANS)do? | Carries messages between the CNS, & the internal organs. (glands,& smooth muscles such as the heart & digestive system. Crucial to body functions such as breathing, digestion,& circulation(Somatic & Autonomic both work with the Endocrine System). |
| What is the Autonomic Nervous System broken down into(2 divisions) | broken down into the Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. |
| What does the Sympathetic Divsion do? | prepares body for quick action in an emergency. |
| What does the Parasympathetic division do? | quiets down the system & body once the danger has passed it calms and relaxes the body (HOMEOSTASIS)=alert & tired balanced out • Takes info to and from spinal cord & brain to “periphery”(outer edge) of body • Inputs to brain •Instructions from brain |
| What are the Endocrine Glands? | glands of the Endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream |
| What are hormones? | chemical substances released by the endocrine glands regulate bodily activities.Organize Nervous system & body tissues. All puberty hormones develop the secondary sex characteristics. starts behaviors such as alertness ,aggressive,stress companionship |
| What glands do men & women share? | pineal, pituitary, parathyroid, thyroid, pancreas, & adrenal, separately women/ovaries ,men testes |
| Where/what does the thyroid gland do? | located below voice box, produces hormone thyroxin determines metabolic rates |
| Where/what does the parathyroid glands do? | 4tiny glands in the thyroid, secrete parathormone, control & balance levels of calcium & phosphate in the body which influences levels of excitability. |
| Where/what does the Pineal gland do? | in middle of brain secretes hormone melatonin, which regulates sleep wake cycles, disturbances of this cause “jet lag” |
| Where/what does the pancreas do? | lies between stomach & small intestine, controls sugar levels in blood by secreting insulin & glucagon, too little insulin=hypoglycemia,too much= diabetes mellitus |
| what is the "master gland"? | in underside of the brain/connected to the hypothalamus influences blood pressure ,thirst ,uterus contracting, milk production, sexual behavior, interest, body growth, amount of water in the body’s cells, & other functions as well. pituitary gland |
| What are the Gonads?What do they do? | testes & ovaries, secrete androgens(including testosterone) & estrogens, which regulate sexual development, linked to sexual interest,,& behaviors. Androgens mainly in male ,estrogen mainly in female, more testosterone=aggressive behavior. |
| What are the Adrenal Glands?What do they secrete? | two endocrine glands above the kidneys. secrete adrenaline |
| What does each gland have?what is it stimulated by? | Each gland has an inner core aka adrenal medulla,& outer layer called the adrenal cortex-puts many hormones into the blood stream, stimulated by the ANS(autonomic nervous system) |
| What is Epinephrine/what does it do? | (Adrenal cortex),activates parasympathetic nervous system making the heart beat faster, stopping digestion, enlarging eye pupils, sends more sugar into the bloodstream, & it prepares the blood to clot fast if necessary. |
| What is NORepinephrine,what does it do? | raises blood pressure, carried by the bloodstream to the anterior pituitary where it triggers (ACTH) thus prolonging response to stress, this is why it takes time for the body to return to homeostasis after extreme emotional excitement. |
| What is behavioral genetics? | study of the relationship between heredity & behavior. |
| What is Evolutionary Psychology?What does it entitle? | studies roots of behaviors & mental processes. It’s a subfield of psych. These psychs look at natural selection for adaptive behavior, EP’s think our brains are “pre wired” to learn some things more easily than others, to analyze problems,communicate. |
| What is evolutionary Psychology useful in? | explaining language development, differing sexual strategies in men & women, & depression. |
| What do Evolutionary BIOLOGISTS focus on? | focus on the structural changes in organisms. |
| What are Genetics? | study of how traits are transmitted, from one generation to the next |
| What are Genes? | basic units of inheritance, elements that control the transmission of traits: they are found on the chromosomes. They don’t directly cause behavior, they predispose us but they will not occur unless environment encourages them |
| What are Chromosomes? | pairs of threadlike bodies within the cell nucleus that controls the genes. Humans have 23 pairs(46 individual) exceptions are sex cells which only have half set of chromosomes. |
| What is Deoxyribonucleic Acid(DNA)? | only known molecule that can replicate or reproduce itself which happens each time a cell divides. |
| What is a human genome? | full component of genes within a human cell. 30,000 genes takes to make 1 human. |
| What is a Dominate gene? | member of a gene pair that controls the appearance of a certain trait such as eye color. |
| What is a recessive Gene? | member of a gene pair that controls the appearance of a certain trait only if it’s paired with another recessive gene. |
| What is Polygenic Inheritance? | process by which several genes interact to produce a certain trait, responsible for our most important traits, ex: weight ,height,& skin pigmentation. Each genes ina polygenic system works separately to get the total effect. |
| What are traits? | attribute of an individual within a species for which heritable differences can be defined. It’s a genetic characteristic to a person. Gregor Mendel is famous for discovering Genetics through the study of inheritance of certain traits in pea plants. |
| What is a Strain study? | close relatives such as siblings are intensively inbred over many generations to create strains of animals that are genetically similar to one another & different from other strains. |
| What is a Selection study? | only done on animals, way to access heritability by breeding animals with other animals that have the same trait. |
| What is a family study? | based on the assumption that if genes influence a trait, close relatives should share that trait more often than distant relatives because relatives have more genes in common. |
| What are Twin Studies? | studies of identical & fraternal twins to determine the relative influence of heredity & environment on human behavior. Correlation of traits will be higher for identical than fraternal. |
| What are Identical twins? | twins from 1 fertilized ovum & therefore identical in genetic makeup at time of conception. |
| What are fraternal twins? | twins created from separate fertilized ovas & therefore different in genetic makeup (similar to a brother and sister genetic makeup except created at the same time) |
| What are Adoption Studies? | researchers carried out on children, adopted at birth, to determine the relative influence of heredity & environment on human behavior. Similarities between child and adoptive parents are environmental,/child and biological=genetic similarities. |
| What is Natural Selection? | Charles Darwin, natural filtering process by which individuals with higher fitness are more likely to reproduce then those not. |
| What does REARED mean? | REARED=RAISED |
| Is Height an environmnetal or a genetic factor? | environment factor |
| What is Molecular genetics? | to study &change human genetic code directly. |
| what is Pre-Conscious? | comprises info that could become conscious reality, but is not continuously available (not aware) • Memories • Automatic behaviors such as muscle memory • Tip of the tongue phenomenon |
| What is Subconscious(unconscious)? | material that causes too much conflict is repressed & not available consciously, repression |
| What is the Manifest Content? | surface events the ID is “hiding it” from SuperEgo |
| What is Latent Content? | hidden,unconscious desires |
| What is the Info-Process Theory? | dreams are the repressing of info from the day |
| What is the Activation-Synthesis Theory? | Dreams are result of random outbursts of nerve cells-tries to create a perception of random “sensations”=crazy dreams |
| What is REM Rebound? | sleep is in double time, dreams are often rapid & wild but not nightmares |
| What is the Myelin Sheath function? | Acts like an insulator, allowing for fast nerve transmission |
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