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chapter 32 radiobiol
radiobiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cytoplasm | The largest part of the cell enclosed by the cell membrane |
| Alara | As Low As Reasonably Achievable |
| Cell-theory | The idea that all plants and animals contain cells as their basic fundamental units, shown conclusively by Schneider and Schwann in 1838 |
| Anabolism | A metabolic activity that builds up large molecules from small ones |
| Carbohydrate | A macromolecule associated with energy storage for the cell |
| M,G1,S,G2 | Phases of the cell cycle |
| Epithelium | Tissue that covers an organ or body |
| Enzyme | A molecule necessary to allow biochemical reaction to continue, although it does not directly enter into the reaction. Acts as a catalyst in chemical interactions. |
| Organic Molecule | A molecule containing carbon |
| Late effects of radiation | A response to radiation exposure that does not appear for months, or even years |
| At what structural level do x-rays interact with humans to produce a radiation response | X- rays interact with electrons |
| How does ionizing radiation affect an atom within a large molecule | The ionization can disrupt molecular bonds and cause the large molecule to malfunction. |
| List five human groups in which radiation effects have been observed | Atomic bomb survivors, American radiologists, cyclotron physicists, radium watch dial painters, patients irradiated in utero, ankylosing spondylitis patients |
| What are the effects of radiation on an affected population | Cancer and leukemia, life span shortening, cataracts, bone cancer, childhood cancer, and leukemia, respectively |
| What is the most abundant atom and the most abundant molecule in the body | Hydrogen, water |
| What is a stem cell | The earliest stage of a cell line. An immature cell that will develop into a mature cell |
| Why do we say that humans are basically a structured aqueous suspension | Because water constitutes approximately 80% of human substance |
| What is the meaning of epithelium | The tissue that covers an organ |
| How do proteins function in the human body | A major component of muscle and functions as antibodies, enzymes, and hormones |
| What do carbohydrates do for us | They store energy for subsequent use by the cell. |
| DNA is the abbreviation for what molecule | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
| Which molecule is considered the genetic material of the cell | DNA |
| What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum | To channel molecules in and out of the cytoplasm |
| What is the approximate dose of radiation required to produce a measurable physical change in a macromolecule | 1 Mrad (10 kGy) |
| List the stages of cell reduction division of a somatic cell | G1, S, G2, M |
| List the stages of cell reduction division of a genetic cell | The cell undergoes a mitosis-like division, and each of the resulting cells undergoes an additional mitosis-like division without DNA replication. |
| What cell type is the most radiosensitive | Spermatogonia, lymphocytes |
| What type of tissue is the least radiosensitive | Nerve cells |
| List three early radiation effects and three late radiation effects in humans | Skin erythema, organ atrophy, cytogenetic damage; cancer, leukemia, cataracts |
Created by:
hseratt
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