click below
click below
Normal Size Small Size show me how
chapter 32 radiobiol
radiobiology
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Cytoplasm | The largest part of the cell enclosed by the cell membrane |
Alara | As Low As Reasonably Achievable |
Cell-theory | The idea that all plants and animals contain cells as their basic fundamental units, shown conclusively by Schneider and Schwann in 1838 |
Anabolism | A metabolic activity that builds up large molecules from small ones |
Carbohydrate | A macromolecule associated with energy storage for the cell |
M,G1,S,G2 | Phases of the cell cycle |
Epithelium | Tissue that covers an organ or body |
Enzyme | A molecule necessary to allow biochemical reaction to continue, although it does not directly enter into the reaction. Acts as a catalyst in chemical interactions. |
Organic Molecule | A molecule containing carbon |
Late effects of radiation | A response to radiation exposure that does not appear for months, or even years |
At what structural level do x-rays interact with humans to produce a radiation response | X- rays interact with electrons |
How does ionizing radiation affect an atom within a large molecule | The ionization can disrupt molecular bonds and cause the large molecule to malfunction. |
List five human groups in which radiation effects have been observed | Atomic bomb survivors, American radiologists, cyclotron physicists, radium watch dial painters, patients irradiated in utero, ankylosing spondylitis patients |
What are the effects of radiation on an affected population | Cancer and leukemia, life span shortening, cataracts, bone cancer, childhood cancer, and leukemia, respectively |
What is the most abundant atom and the most abundant molecule in the body | Hydrogen, water |
What is a stem cell | The earliest stage of a cell line. An immature cell that will develop into a mature cell |
Why do we say that humans are basically a structured aqueous suspension | Because water constitutes approximately 80% of human substance |
What is the meaning of epithelium | The tissue that covers an organ |
How do proteins function in the human body | A major component of muscle and functions as antibodies, enzymes, and hormones |
What do carbohydrates do for us | They store energy for subsequent use by the cell. |
DNA is the abbreviation for what molecule | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
Which molecule is considered the genetic material of the cell | DNA |
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum | To channel molecules in and out of the cytoplasm |
What is the approximate dose of radiation required to produce a measurable physical change in a macromolecule | 1 Mrad (10 kGy) |
List the stages of cell reduction division of a somatic cell | G1, S, G2, M |
List the stages of cell reduction division of a genetic cell | The cell undergoes a mitosis-like division, and each of the resulting cells undergoes an additional mitosis-like division without DNA replication. |
What cell type is the most radiosensitive | Spermatogonia, lymphocytes |
What type of tissue is the least radiosensitive | Nerve cells |
List three early radiation effects and three late radiation effects in humans | Skin erythema, organ atrophy, cytogenetic damage; cancer, leukemia, cataracts |