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Psychology Ch. 6

QuestionAnswer
motivation consists of the forces that activate and direct behavior
emotion is a complex internal state that involves physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components
evolutionary psychology seeks to explain behavior in terms of its function
instincts are...and there are two forms unlearned behaviors...one is that they are apparent from a very earlly age and the other is that they seem to require very little experience to emerge(human babies breath when born)
ethology seeks to study the behavior of animals in their natural habitat.
modal action patterns occur in the same fashion, time and time again, and in nearly every individual. (goose continues pushing non-existant egg)
Drive is a central concept in motivation, because it seems to provide answers to why people and animals do the things they do
drives are internal forces that provide us with the energy and intensity we may need to regain homeostasis
drive gives us and other animals greater...than.. flexibility..modal action patterns
drive-reduction is when we begin to reduce the need and feel better
Reinforcement is the ability of an object or action—often, an object that is biologically important—to make the actions that preceded it more likely to happen in the future.
B. F. Skinner defined reinforcers as things that make behaviors that precede their occurrence more probable in the future.
The opposite of reinforcement is...which is an event that,,, punishment...makes the actions that preceded it less likely to happen in the future
reinforcements and punishment are...that act on our...and are referred to as... external forces...behaviors...incentives
quantity and quality of reinforcement and punishment are important determinants of the intensity of the corresponding motivation.
arousal is the level of alertness or sleepiness we feel at any given moment.
If our arousal is too high over too long a period of time, we suffer from the symptoms of chronic stress including depression and heart disease
If arousal is too low at any given moment, we cannot function effectively
the reticular formation in the...sends projections to... brainstem...almost all parts of the brain (cerebral cortex - conscious awareness resides)
RAS regulates all levels of arousal, including sleep and wakefulness, and even during wakefulness, how alert or excited you feel
damage to RAS can result in the onset of a coma, because the brain loses its capacity to keep itself in a wakeful state.
many...tend to activate the... drugs like cocain and amphetamines..SNS
the Yerkes-Dodson arousal curve seeks to explain the relationship between our level of arousal and our ability to perform (do a task well
the theory about the yerkes dodson arousal curve says that the relationship between arousal and performance follows an inverted-U-shaped curve
According to the idea of arousal homeostasis, we all strive to be at our optimal level of arousal.
energy balance: the ability to eat a sufficient amount of food to engage in all the activities that cost energy, including just sitting still
The energy we consume when at rest is called our basal metabolic rate (BMR),
basal metabolic rate (BMR) is driven by the energy requirements of our beating hearts, our thinking brains, our breathing lungs, and our busy livers, among other things
set point is what scientists believe each of us seek to maintain a certain body weight/fat level
The most important overall regulator of our eating behavior is our hypothalamus
lesion of the lateral hypo means no eating
lesion to ventromedial hypo means over eating
hypo controls eating by...through.. communicating with the rest of the body...hormones and neurots
Although there are at least 20 chemical signals involved in regulating eating behavior, the ones we’ll talk about are insulin, leptin, cholecystokinin (CCK), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and ghrelin
Insulin, for example, is essential in that it allows cells to take up sugar (glucose) that they can use for energy. It is released by our bodies when we eat, and when it gets to the brain, it tends to decrease hunger.
Leptin is a fascinating hormone that is released directly by our...and it can bind to... fat cells...receptors on the hypothalamus
leptin inhibits hunger
cck is released by...into the...and it acts to... small intestines...bloodstream...create a feeling of satiety and increases our sensitivity to the stomach stretch receptors that promote satiety
NPY ang ghrelin come into play when...and they're released by the.. we are hungry( body fat reserves are low)...hypothalamus
NPY and ghrelin are...that simulate... peptides..eating behaviors
external signals or...are things that influence... environmental cues...hunger and satiety
two examples of how classical conditioning can act on our behavior are smell of cinnamon rolls at the mall and cheesey pizza on tv
operant behaviors include going to the store to pay for food/calling in an order for pizza
operant behaviors are ones that are... rewarded and then they perpetuate your obtaining the warm cinnamon roll or hot pizza afterwards.
palatability or tastiness
a BMI between...is overweight 25 and 2.9
a BMI over...is obese 30
primary reinforcers include food, water, sex, temperature, air, etc
novelty is the behavior where you prefer a new location/the ability to explore
affiliation is learning about the...and also it offers direct... envornment socially...assistance when needed
David Sloan Wilson has argued that humans and other species who affiliate in groups derive a benefit to themselves, and that evolution can act at the group level (groups working together for survival are more successful than groups that don't work well together)
Those who desire rich relationships in their lives, and derive energy from those relationships, we call extroverts
those who need more time to themselves we call introverts
What is motivation for achievement? It’s the sense that you want to make a difference: have a significant accomplishment, master a skill or an idea, or have control over your environment.
A desire for competence means that you want to be someone others look to for help; that you enjoy being good at what you do—being capable and in control of the situation
extrinsic motivation is behavior directed towards obtaining extrinsic rewards
Intrinsic rewards are about feeling a need for achievement and competence—the sense you may get at the end of the day that you’ve done a good job
Closely linked to intrinsic motivation is the idea of self determination
Self-determination differs from other theories of motivation because it sees the reward as fundamentally centered on the person, through three desires:
the three desires of self-determination are the desire for competence (be good at the things you do), the desire to have rich relationships with others, and the desire to have autonomy, or control of your life
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs puts our... and the... most basic desires at the bottom...less urgent needs in successive layers up the pyramid
at thebase of the pyramid are the physiological needs(food, water, oxygem, rest and warmth)
second step on the pyramid is for safety and security
third level on the pyramid is for love and belonging(friendships, sexual intimacy and family)
fourth level is for esteem needs (self-confidence, achievment and respect)
top level is self-actualization (peak experiences)
psychological needs are love/belonging and esteem
Emotion involves three distinct components that include your subjective experience (how you feel), your body’s response (changes in arousal), and your emotional expression (facial expressions and acuage).
emotional intelligence means you can recognize, talk about, and anticipate the sometimes subtle differences between jealousy and anger, between disgust and shame; they may be able to influence their own emotions in order to achieve a goal
6 common emotions happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, and surprise,
dimensions mean feelings can be either bad or good (pleasant/unpleasant)
Most emotions produce some level of activation: that is, they make us more alert and more aware of our environment and what’s going on around us.
emblems are signs particular to a culture that indicate some feeling about an issue. For example, someone may use their middle finger to scratch their face when someone they don’t like is talking
Body language can also provide a window into the emotional state of an individual
Microexpressions are similar, sort of facial versions of emblems, except that they use the innate expressions we spoke of earlier, including disgust, happiness, sadness, and so on
display rules mean that particular cultures have rules about when its ok to show certain emotions
emotional expression doesn’t just involve facial expressions, although they are probably the easiest way to identify emotions. Body language and microexpressions are also used to express emotions, as are emblems.
The amygdala becomes activated when people see pictures of others with fearful faces, or hear the non-verbal sounds of someone who is afraid.
It appears that there is a direct pathway from the thalamus to the amygdala that allows for extremely quick processing of fear-inducing sensory stimuli.
the hypothalamus is also a central station through which many other emotional behaviors, such as anger and parental affiliation, project
The cerebral cortex, which interprets many aspects of our world, can suppress, increase, and create many of our emotional responses to events
The James-Lange theory of emotion states that the first thing that your body does is activate the sympathetic nervous system (heart races then you are afraid)
one line of evidence that seems to favor James-Lange is the facial-feedback hypothesis, which states that the facial expressions associated with a specific emotion are responsible for our experience of that emotion.
The Schacter and Singer... speculated that two-factor theory of emotion...sympathetic nervous system arousal and a cognitive label for that arousal combine to create our emotional feeling q
The cognitive appraisal theory of emotion (Smith and Lazarus) states that each of us makes intuitive evaluations of what’s going on in potentially emotional situations, and that the cognitive decision about the situation then either creates sympathetic arousal or not.
the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion explicitly stated that in the spidery situation, you feel the emotion of fear, followed a bit later by the shaky sensations of your sympathetic activation.
one line of evidence that seems to favor James-Lange is the facial-feedback hypothesis, which states that the facial expressions associated with a specific emotion are responsible for our experience of that emotion.
The Schacter and Singer... speculated that two-factor theory of emotion...sympathetic nervous system arousal and a cognitive label for that arousal combine to create our emotional feeling q
The cognitive appraisal theory of emotion (Smith and Lazarus) states that each of us makes intuitive evaluations of what’s going on in potentially emotional situations, and that the cognitive decision about the situation then either creates sympathetic arousal or not.
the frontal cortex has direct connections to both the hypothalamus and amygdala, and can alter activity in these regions.
two areas within the...are important in creating fear and anxiety. the areas are the... limbic system...hypothalamus and amygdala
Created by: handrzej
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