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Resp Pharm 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pediatric Dosage - Clarks Rule | child dose = (Childs weight/150)x max adult dose |
| Pediatric Dosage - Frieds Rule | Infant dose = (infants age in mths/150) x max adult dose |
| Solution Calculation percentage | number of grams of solute dissolved in 100ml of solvent. Ex. 1gram/100ml or 1000mg/100 multiply Xmg/3ml. |
| Solution Calculation ratio | ratio 1:1000 1gr/1000ml or 1000mg/1000ml multiply Xmg/3ml |
| Theraputic Index equation | Toxic dose/effective dose ex 500/100 = 5 TI=5 5 x the dose to be toxic |
| Equipotent dosage | 1 Aspirin dosage is 50mg 1 ibuprofen dosage is 200mg These equal the same. |
| Ceiling effect | after a certain amount of drug there is no additional effect. |
| Efficacy | the maximum effect a drug can provide |
| Potency | the amount of drug required to produce an effect. the least amount is the most potent. |
| Drug Indications | For which a drug is to improve -speed up heart rate on a brady patient. -effect-increase heart rate -indication-low heart rate |
| Antagonist | -attaches on to receptors and has not response. "Blocker" -no effect at the site but has a patient effect. |
| Agonist | attaches onto the receptor and has a response. |
| Pharmacodynamics | How the drug effects the body |
| Parent Drug | the molecules structure at the time it was given whatever form it was given, it has been metabolized. |
| Absorption | process by which a drug enters circulation. |
| 5 primary ways of drug administration | -enteral-along the GI tract -parenteral-outside of GI tract -transdermal-patch -inhalation-aerosol -topical-ointment |
| Pharmacokinetics | -what your body does to the drug -How quickly it absorbs, changes, distributes and eliminates |
| Bioavailability | amount of drug in serum in its active form available for distribution to intended site of action. |
| Cholinergic Indications | -tachycardia -constrict pupils -increase GI and urinary motility -to diagnose asthma by broncho constricting. |
| What are the drugs that inhibit AchE which allow ACH to accumulate and produce greater effect? "gets rid of AchE" | Physostigmine (Neostigmine) Endrophonium (Tensilon) -indirect acting -not an agonist so it does NOT attach to the receptor. |
| What drugs act as an agonist on muscarinic receptors | -Bethanechol -Pilocarpine -Methacholine |
| Acetycholine (Ach) is terminated by? ACH is made in the body | Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) |
| Norepinephrine (NE) is terminated by? | MAO, COMT, reuptake |
| Cholinergic receptor drugs | Nicotinic and Muscarinic |
| Cholinergic receptors interact with? | ACH |
| Adrenergic receptors interact with? | Norepi (NE) |
| Neurotransmitter | Chemicals that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell. |
| What do Sympathetics do | increase heart rate |
| What do parasympathetics do | decrease heart rate |
| Where can drugs be stored? | fat cells and calcium |
| What are prodrugs? | Inactive parent drug |
| What are the 2 routes of drug clearance? | Kidney (renal) and Liver (hepatic) |
| receptors | chemical components of cells with which drugs interact to product their effect. |
| What are the drug effects? | changes we see clinically after administrating a drug. "physiological changes the drug produces" |
| What are drug indications? | the conditions for which the drug is intended to improve. |
| Strength | Expressed the amount of solute that is dissolved in a specific amount of solvent. |
| Solution percent | the number of grams of solute dissolved in 100ml of solvent. |
| Clinical drop scale or gtts | 20gtts = 1cc 10gtts = 0.5cc 8gtts = 0.4cc 6gtts = 0.3cc 4gtts = 0.2cc 2gtts = 0.1cc 1gtts = 0.05cc |
| Solution ratio | Expressed as the number of grams of solute dissolved in the number of ml of solvent. |
| Autonomic | involuntary structures. Smooth muscle (lungs), cardiac muscle and glands. |
| Cholinergic drugs | drugs which produce effects similar to those produced by acetycholine. |
| Cholinergic effects | any produced by parasympathetic nerves. |
| Anticholinergic drugs | act as an antagonist on muscarinic receptors blocking ACH or cholinergic drugs. |
| Anticholinergic effects | blocking parasympathetic so sympathetic effects are permitted to dominate. |
| Anticholinergic do not effect? | blood vessels are not effected since there is no paraympathetic innervation to block. |
| Anticholinergic Indications | -pre-operative to dry secretions -bradycardia -broncho dilate in asthma -counteract diarrhea -counteract urinary incontinence -dilate pupils for an eye exam |
| muscarinic sites | Gland, GI, heart, eye |
| Cholinergic synapse | Acetylcholine. Synthesis-within axonal ending from choline and acetate. |
| Adrenergic synapse | Norepinephrine. synthesis-within axonal ending from tyrosine. |
| What are the adrenergic receptors | Alpha, Beta1, Beta2 |
| What do the Alpha receptors do | mediate contraction of smooth muscle. |
| What are the Alpha receptors | 1.Vascular smooth muscle - vasoconstriction 2.Radial muscle fibers of iris - mydriasis. |
| What do the Beta2 receptors do | mediate relaxation of smooth muscles |
| What are the Beta2 receptors | 1.Vascular smooth muscle - vasodilation. 2.Bronchial smooth muscle - bronchodilation. |
| What do the Beta1 receptors do | mediate cardiac stimulation |
| What are the Beta1 receptors | 1.Heart - increase rate and contract |
| What are adrenergic drugs | Act as an agonist with sympathetic effects. |
| Adrenergic Indications for Alpha agonist. | -hypotension - constricts vessels for blood to flow -respiratory congestion - upper resp -hemostasis - mucous membrane |
| Adrenergic Indications for Beta agonist. | Beta1 - bradycardia, hypotension Beta2 - bronchospasms |
| Adrenergic Blockers | act as antagonist. parasympathetic effects. |
| Adrenergic blockers Indications | -angina pectoris - heart pain -tachycardia -hypertension |
| What happens automatically when giving an adrenergic beta blocker? | Blood pressure will automatically come down. |
| What are the chemical structures of adrenergic drugs? | Catechol, Resorcinol, Amine |
| Catechol | a phenyl (benzene) ring with twho drydroxl groups in the 3 & 4 positions. |
| Resorcinol | a phenyl (benzene) ring with two hydroxyl groups in the 3 & 5 positions. |
| Amine | a compound containing nitrogen |
| catechol drugs | -not used for bronchodilator, too much effect on the heart -can not take oraly -short acting drug -all are amines -destroyed by COMT |
| Resorcinol drugs | -destroyed by MAO -medium acting drugs |
| Saligenins | -long acting drugs |
| catechols are terminated quickly by | COMT |
| Resorciinol are termimated by | MAO |
| catecholmines are terminated by | COMT and MAO |
| Saligenins are terminated by | MAO |
| What drugs are more Beta2 specific and have greater duration. | Resorcinol and Saligenins |
| What makes a drug more Beta2 specific and increases duration | the longer the additive on the nitrogen or carbon. |
| What has the ability to decrease a patients serum potassium | albuterol |
| Heart rate should not go above how many beats? | 20 |
| Beta2 side effects | -CNS stimulation -skeletal tremors -hypotension -interference with physiological shunts. |
| Optical Isomerism | same molecular formula but different molecular structure. |
| Racemic mixtures contain | 50:50 mixture of Levo (R) and Dextro (L) |
| What isomer is the most active? | Levo (R) |
| What isomer is the least active | Dextro (L) |
Created by:
hkirkendall75
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