Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Personality/Abnormal
Personality and Abnormal Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Whose early theory of personality defined physical and biological variables that related to human behaviors? | William Sheldon |
| What did Sheldon characterize as the soft ans spherical body type? | Endomorphy |
| What did Sheldon characterize as the hard, muscular and rectangular body type? | mesomorphy |
| What did Sheldon characterize as the thin, fragile and lightly muscled body type? | ectomorphy |
| What did early view of abnormal behavior center around? | The idea of demonic possession or witchcraft |
| Who suggested that the development of psychology is due not primarily to the efforts of great people but to Zeitgeist or the changing spirit of the times? | E. G. Boring |
| Who is known for the method of introspection? | Edward Titchener |
| What system of psychology formed from Titchener's method of introspection? | Structuralism |
| What are 6 more systems of psychology? | functionalism, behaviorism, gestalt psychology, cognitive psychology, psychoanalysis and humanism |
| Who's theory was the first comprehensive theory on personality and abnormal psychology? | Sigmund Freud |
| What system developed in the 20th century, arising in opposition to psychanalysis and behaviorism? | Humanism |
| What do humanists believe in? | The notion of free will and the idea that people should be considered as wholes rather than in terms of stimuli and responses or instincts |
| Who are two important humanists? | Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers |
| When did asylums begin to be created? | 1500's |
| Who made a lasting impact on asylums starting in 1792 in Paris? | Philippe Pinel |
| Who was an important reformer in the united states in mental hospitals? | Dorothea Dix |
| In what years was Dorothea Dix a zealous advocate of treating the mental ill humanely? | 1841-1881 |
| What was an important discovery in the 19th century? | the etiology of general paresis |
| What was general paresis? | a disorder characterized by delusions of granduer, mental deterioration, eventual paralysis and death |
| What was discovered to be the cause of general paresis? | Brain deterioration due to syphilis |
| Who introduced the use of electroshock for treatment of psychiatric patients? | Cerletti and Bini |
| Why did they use electroshock? | They incorrectly thought epileptic-like convulsions could cure schizophrenia |
| In what years were tens of thousands of patients subjected to prefrontal lobotomies to treat schizophrenia? | 1935-1955 |
| What was wrong with prefrontal lobotomies? | They destroyed parts of the frontal lobe as well |
| Did prefrontal lobotomies cure schizophrenia? | No, they just made patients easier to handle |
| What changed the atmmosphere in psychiatric hospitals in the 1950s? | The advent of antipsychotic drugs |
| What did the introduction of antipsychotic drugs do to the treatment of mental patients? | It stopped lobotomies and electroshock for the most part and made "hopeless" patients better to the point of their release from hospitals |
| Who published a textbook that noted mental disorders could be classified based on symptoms? | Emil Kraepelin |
| Emil Kraepelin's book was a precursor to what? | The Diagnositc and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |
| What are the 4 divisions of personality theory? | psychodynamic (psychoanalytic), behaviorist, phenomenological and type & trait |
| What do the theories of psychodynamic or psychoanalytic theory suggest? | the existence of unconscious internal states that motivate the overt actions of individuals and determine personality |
| What were the 3 main systems in Freud's theory? | id, ego, superego |
| What is the id? | the reservoir of all psychic energy consisting of everything psychological that is present at birth |
| How does the id function? | according to the pleasure principle |
| What is the id's response to frustration operating under the dictum of "obtain satisfaction now, not later"? | The primary process |
| What is the mental image of an object designed to alleviate frustration in the id? | wish-fulfillment |
| What is the ego? | The organization of the id, receiving its power from the id it can never really be independent of the id |
| What is the ego's mode of functioning? | secondary process |
| How does the ego operate? | according to the reality principle |
| What is the reality principle? | it takes into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id and it's pleasure |
| What is the goal of the reality principle? | to postpone the pleasure principle until the actual object that will satisfy the need has been discovered or produced |
| What is the superego? | It is not in touch with reality and strives for the ideal rather than the real, the moral branch of personality |
| What are the two subsystems of the superego? | conscience and ego-ideal |
| What ultimately happens with the superego? | a system of right and wrong is substituted for the parental punishment and reward |
| What are the propelling aspects of Freud's theory? | instincts |
| What is an instinct? | an innate psychological representation (wish) or a bodily (biological) excitation (need) |
| What are the two types of instincts? | life and death |
| What is the life instinct? | Eros - serving the purpose of individual survival |
| What is the death instinct? | Thanatos - unconscious wish for the absolute state of quiescence |
| What is the form of energy by which life instincts take place? | libido |
| What is the ego's recourse to releasing excessive pressures due to anxiety? | Defense mechanisms |
| What two characteristics do defense mechanisms have in common? | they deny, falsify or distort reality; they operate unconsciously |
| What are the eight main defense mechanisms? | repression, suppression, projection, reaction formation, rationalization, regression, sublimation, and displacement |
| What is the unconscious forgetting of anxiety-producing memories? | Repression |
| What is a more conscious for of forgetting? | suppression |
| What is it called when a person attributes his forbidden urges to others? | Projection |
| What is a repressed wish warded off by its diametrical opposite | reaction formation |
| What is the process of developing a socially acceptable explanation for inappropriate behavior or thoughts? | rationalization |
| What is it called when a person reverts to an earlier stage of development in response to a traumatic event? | regression |
| what is it called when a person transforms unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors? | sublimation |
| What is it called when pent-up feelings are discharged on objects and people less dangerous than those causing the feeling? | displacement |
| What was Carl Jung's two divisions of the unconscious? | the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious |
| What is a powerful system that is shared among all humans? | collective unconscious |
| What are images that are a record of common experiences, the building blocks for the collective unconscious? | archetypes |
| What are Jung's major archetypes? | persona, anima/animus, shadow and self |
| What is the archetype that is a mask adopted by a person in response to the demands of social convention? | persona |
| What archetype helps us understand gender? | anima/animus |
| What archetype consists of the animal instincts that inherited from lower life forms? | Shadow |
| What is the archetype where the person's striving for unity and is the point of intersection between the collective unconscious and the conscious? | self |
| What did Jung symbolize as the self? | the mandala |
| What two major orientations of personality did Jung distinguish? | extroversion and introversion |
| What 4 psychological functions did Jung describe? | thinking, feeling, sensing and intuiting |
| Who developed the inferiority complex? | Alfred Adler |
| What is the individuals sense of incompleteness, sense of imperfection, physical inferiorities and social disabilities according to Adler? | the inferiority complex |
| What two notions were important to Adler's theory? | creative self and style of life |
| What is the force by which each individual shapes his or her uniqueness and makes his or her own personality? | creative self |
| What represents the manifestation of the creative self and describes a person's unique way of achieving superiority? | style of life (lifestyle) |
| Who developed fictional finalism? | Adler |
| What is it called when an individual is motivated more by his or her expectations or the future than by past experiences? | fictional finalism |
| What is Freud's major assumption in psychodynamic theory? | that behavior is motivated by inborn instincts |
| What is Jung's major axiom in psychoanalytic theory? | a person's conduct is governed by inborn archetypes |
| What is Adler's assumption in psychoanalytic theory? | that people are primarily motivated by striving for superiority |
| Who postulated that the neurotic personality is goverened by one of ten needs? | Karen Horney |
| How do Horney's neurotic needs resemble healthy ones? | 1. they are disproportionate in intensity 2. they are indiscriminate in application 3. they partially disregard reality 4. they have a tendency to provoke intense anxiety |
| What are Horney's 3 strategies a child uses to overcome anxiety? | moving toward people who provide security, moving against people or fighting people, moving away from people or withdrawing |
| Who believed that psychoanalytic theory and psychotherapy could benefit from investigation of the conscious ego and its relation to the world? | Anna Freud |
| What is Anna Freud known as the founder of? | Ego Psychology |
| Who provided a direst extension of psychoanlysis to the psychosocial realm? | Erik Erickson |
| How did Erik Erickson expand Freud's stages? | He expanded them to cover the whole lifespan |
| What theory looks at the creation and development of internalized symbolic representations of a child's personality? | Object-relations theory |
| What realm does object-relations theory fall under? | psychodynamic theory |
| Who are 4 important object-relations theoryists? | Melanie Klein, D.W. Winnicott, Margaret Mahler, Otto Kernberg |
| What is the best known type of psychotherapy? | Psychoanalysis |
| Who developed psychoanalysis? | Sigmund Freud |
| What did Freud believe would happen by gaining insight into the repressed material? | The energy being utilized to deal with the repressed material would be freed up and made available for further development |
| What was Freud's initial method he used in psychoanalysis? | hypnosis |
| What are two other methods Freud used in psychoanalysis? | free association, dream interpretation |
| In psychoanalysis, what is it called when there is an unwillingness or inability to relate to certain thoughts, motives or experiences? | Resistance |
| What are some examples of resistance in therapy? | forgetting dream material, missing a therapy session, blocking associations, switching topics rapidly |
| What is it called when the client attribute to the therapist feelings and attitudes that developed in the patient's relations with significant others in the past? | transference |
| What is it called when the therapist experiences an array of emotions toward the patient? | countertransference |
| What approach places more emphasis on current interpersonal relationships and life situations than on childhood experiences and psychosexual development? | neo-Freudian approaches |
| What theory holds the basic assumption in personality development is that behavior is learned as people interact with their environment? | Behaviorism |
| Who blended psychoanalytic concepts int a behavioral stimulus-response reinforcement learning theory approach | John Dollard and Neal Miller |
| Who considered personality to be a collection of behavior that happens to have been sufficiently reinforced to persist? | B. F. Skinner |
| Who developed Social Learning Theory? | Albert Bandura |
| What theory is based on modeling observed behavior? | Social Learning Theory |
| What is it called when learning occurs by observing other people's behaviors being reinforced? | Vicarious reinforcement |
| Who conducted classic studies on "learned helplessness" in the 1960's? | Martin Seligman |
| What disorder does Seligman attribute the learned helplessness principle? | depression |
| What has shown to be successful with these problems: phobias, impulse control problems and personal care maintenance for people with mental retardation and hospitalized psychotic patients? | Behavior therapy |
| Which type of therapy tries to change and restructure patient's distorted and/or irrational thoughts? | cognitive-behavioral therapy |
| Who developed cognitive therapy for depression? | Beck |
| Who developed rational-emotive therapy? | Albert Ellis |
| Psychoanalysts say that due to underlying causes, new symptoms will develop to replace old ones. What is this called? | Symptom Substitution |
| What theorists emphasize internal processes rather than overt behavior? | Phenomenological theorists |
| What are phenomenological theorists called? | Humanistic |
| Who developed field theory? | Kurt Lewin |
| What was Lewin's theory influenced by? | Gestalt psychology |
| Which theory say personality as being dynamic an constantly changing? | Lewin's Field Theory |
| Who is know for his hierarchy of human motives and his views on self-actualization? | Abraham Maslow |
| What is Maslow's highest order of need? | Self-actualization |
| What is self actualization? | The need to realize one's fullest potential, most people never reach the fulfillment of this need |
| What are some common characteristics in individuals who have reached self-actualization? | a non-hostile sense of humor, originality, creativity, spontaneity and a need for privacy |
| What are profound and deeply moving experiences in a person's life that have important and lasting effects on the individual? | peak experiences |
| Who used himself as a model to theorize about human nature? | George Kelly |
| What did Kelly hypothesize? | The notion of the individual as scientist, a person who devises and tests predictions about the behavior of significant people in his or her life |
| What therapies emphasize the process of finding meaning in one's life by making one's own choices? | humanist-existential therapies |
| Who believed that people have the freedom to control their own behavior and are neither slaves to the unconscious nor subjects of faulty learning? | Carl Rogers |
| What types of therapy is Carl Rogers' known for? | client-centered therapy, person-centered therapy or non-directive therapy |
| What is important to Rogers' therapy? | unconditional positive regard |
| Who is related to the human search for meaning to existence? | Victor Frankl |
| Who attempts to characterize people according to specific types of personality? | Type theorists |
| Who attempts to ascertain the fundamental dimensions of personality? | Trait theorists |
| A well known Type theory that divides personalities into two types? | Type A/Type B |
| What is Type A personality? | competitive and compulsive |
| What is Type B personality? | laid-back and relaxed |
| Who used factor analysis to measure personality in a more comprehensive way and identified 16 basic traits? | Raymond Cattell |
| Who used factor analysis to determine that the broad dimensions of personality types were followed by more specific traits? | Hans J. Eysenck |
| Who listed 3 basic traits or dispositions? | Gordon Allport |
| What 3 dispositions did Allport discover? | cardinal, central and secondary |
| What traits are those which a person organizes his or her life which not everyone develops? | Cardinal traits |
| Which traits represent major characteristics of the personality that are easy to infer? | Central traits |
| Which traits are more personal characteristics more limited in occurrence? | Secondary traits |
| What is it called when a given activity or form of behavior may become an end or goal in itself regardless of its original reason for existence? | Functional autonomy |
| Which approach to personality focuses on individual case studies? | idiographic |
| Which approach to personality focuses on groups of individuals and tries to find commonalities? | nomothetic |
| What terms did Allport use later for idiographic and nomothetic | morphogenic and dimensional |
| Who identified the need for achievement trait? | David McClelland |
| Who drew a relationship between an individuals personality and his or her perception of the world? | Herman Witkin |
| What describes an individuals capacity to respond to stimuli? | Field-dependence |
| Whose work focused on internal and external locus of control? | Julian Rotter |
| What personality trait refers to someone who is manipulative and deceitful? | Machiavellian |
| Whose gender identity theory is related to personality theory? | Sandra Bem |
| What is the state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine? | Androgyny |
| Who believes that human behavior is largely determined by the characteristics of the situation? | Walter Mischel |
Created by:
7101078
Popular Psychology sets