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Geographyexam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Geography | It is the study of the earth - its people, physical environments, resources - and the interactions among the various components. |
| Physical Geography | studies characteristics of the physical environment |
| natural science | When geography focuses on climate, soils and vegetation |
| human geography | studies human groups and their activities |
| social science | When geography focuses on such as language, politics, economics, and urban settlements |
| Geography bridges what two sciences? | physical and social |
| Eratosthenes | wrote first geography texts with geography as the title |
| Hipparchus | first person to place imaginary grid lines on Earth's surfac |
| Al-Edrisi | an Arab scholar who wrote text describing natural environments and customs of different people |
| kangnido | one of the earliest world maps created by Korean cartographers |
| special geography or regional geography | describes and analyzes places and focuses on one place |
| General geography or topical geography | examines topics of universal occurrence, focuses on a subject such as climate or culture |
| Regional approach | gives in depth view of issues in a particular place or region |
| Topical approach | focuses on one subject, such as health care and studies how it varies place to place |
| Area Analysis or regional analysis | surveys,describes, and collects data about a place. |
| Spatial Analysis or Locational Analysis | emphasize distribution and interactions among places |
| Geographic Systems analysis | understand human and physical systems and the interactions among them |
| Ideographic | each place has a unique character |
| Geographers rely on three basic concepts to analyzing Earth's places: | site, situation, and regions |
| site | describes exact or absolute location of a place (ex) address- only one exact location or latitude and longitude |
| situation | -external relations to a place -exchange of goods -(ex.)building interstate highways or Silk Route -based on relative location(position of one place respect to another place |
| relative location | - position of one place with respect to another place -very dynamic -(ex) Silk Route- devolopment of sea routes |
| regions | human constructs designed to bring order to earth's surface into greater degrees of similarity (better control) -(ex) climatic regions, Corn Belt(agriculture) |
| Three types of regions: | 1. formal 2. functional 3. vernacular |
| formal region | relatively uniform throughout in terms of its identifying criteria (ex.) political, climatic regions, Corn Belt |
| functional region(nodal region) | -has definite center or node -interaction occurs between this center or node and all other parts of the region (ex) newspaper circulation |
| Vernacular regions | everyday popular perception of their existence to refer to a particular region (ex). Midwest or New England |
| Area | -spatial extent -all regions have area. |
| core | central zone of highest concentration and greatest diversity in an area |
| domain | zone of less intensity and some diversity in an area |
| sphere | least intensity and least diversity in an area |
| boundaries | -regions have this -a border or outline -represented by a line but rarely sharply defined in regional boundaries |
| Area Class Region | - (ex.)the vernacular region known as the Midwest or most formal regions -boundary a representation, not reality -All functional regions belong to this category |
| choroplethic region | boundary exists and used in political and administrative units -(ex.) population density in Illinois' counties |
| Spatial Analysis | examines distributions of human activities and environmental processes |
| Distribution | position, placement, arrangement |
| three main concepts if distribution: | 1.density 2.concentration 3.pattern |
| Density | -frequency of occurrence -(ex.) population density, road density |
| concentration | -spatial spread of a phenomenon with a given area |
| perfectly concentrated | all in the same place in a given area |
| perfectly dispersed | maximum distance between items |
| Movement | displacement of an object from one location to another location |
| origin and destination | origin is the starting point and destination is where you end. |
| friction of distance | cost or effort to overcome distance -costs more to move farther in terms of time or money -Higher F.D- steeper slope in distance decay curve -Lower F.D- less steep slope in distance decay curve. |
| Distance Decay | decline of an activity with increasing distance from a point of origin. |
| Tobler's First Law of Geography | Everything is related to everything else, but relationships are stronger when things are near one another and weaken as distance increases |
| Spatial Diffusion | -when an idea is dispersed outward from a center of origin into new territories over time |
| hearths | -centers of innovation -where ideas are generated |
| rates of diffusion | speed at which information transfers |
| paths of diffusion | paths that are easier to travel |
| contagious (or contiguous)Diffusion | has person to person contact as its mechanism of transfer (ex)measles |
| Hierarchical diffusion | uses the mass media as its mechanism of transfer |
| hierarchy | classification of objects into categories so that each category is increasingly complex or has higher status |
| Relocation diffusion | -relocation to new place (ex) disease moves to a new area and decrease in area of initial outbreak |
| Expansion diffusion | typical pattern of spatial diffusion in which there is both outward spread and increases in density nearer the origin. |
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happybunny
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