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Psych 100 Chapter 2

QuestionAnswer
scientific method a systematic procedure of observiing and measuring phenomena (observable things) to answer questions about: what happens when it happens what causes it and why involves a dynamic interaction b/w theories, hypothese, and research
theory FIRST step: focus on a theory a model of interconnected ideas/concepts that explain what is observed and makes predictions about future events. Ex: you theorize that drinking alcohol impairs driving ability
hypothesis SECOND step: formulate a hypothesis A specific prediction of what should be observed if a theory is correct. Ex: hypothesize that people who consume alcohol will display poor coordination & motor control than those who didn't
research THIRD step: conduct research A scientific process that involves the systematic and careful collection of data Ex: have some participants drink alcohol and others drink tonic water in the experiment to test the hypothesis
data FOURTH step: analyze whether the data support or refute the theory Objective observations or measurements. Ex: analyze data using appropriate techniques and draw conclusions. if data do not support theory, you either discard theory or revise it
variable something in the world that can vary and that a researcher can measure. Ex: 1)amount of alcohol consumed 2)level of intoxication 3)level of coordination 4)level of motor control 5)level of balance
correlation studies A research method that examines how variables are naturally related in the real world, without any attempt by the researcher to alter them or assign causation between them
experiment a study that tests causal hypotheses by measuring and manipulating variables.
control group a comparison group; the particpants in a study that recieve no intervention or recieve an intervention that is unrelated to the independednt variable being investigated. Ex: group - participants who did not consume alcohol
experimental group treatment groups; the participants in a study that recieve the intervention Ex: group - drank alcohol
independent variable the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter to examine its impact on the dependent variable. Ex: amount of intoxication
dependent variable the variable that is affected by the manipulation of the independent variable Ex: driving performance
fMRI an imaging technique used to examine changes in the activity of the working human brain -makes use of the brian's blood flow to map the working brain
descriptive statistics statistics that summarize the data collected in a study.
central tendency measure that represents the typical response or the behavior of a group as a whole.
mean measure of central tendency that is the arithmetic average of a set of numbers Ex: class average on an exam is a MEAN score
median measure of central tendency that is the value in a set of numbers that falls exactly halfway b/w the lowest and highest values MIDDLE number(listed lowest to highest)
mode measure of central tendency that is the most frequent score or value in a set of numbers Ex: the number 2 appearing 6 times
positive correlation increase or decrease together (+1.0) Ex: the more people drink the more likely they are to engage in risky behavior (both things increase together)
negative correlation one increases in value, the other decreases in value (-1.0) Ex:people become more intoxicated, they become less able to balance on one foot --> intoxication and balance have a NEGATIVE correlation
inferential statistics set of procedures used to make judgements about whether differences actually exist b/w sets of numbers Ex: mean driving performance for intoxicated drivers is lower than the mean driving performance for sober
Created by: kdeep27
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