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PSY 201 Ch. 5-8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Consciousness | One's subjective experience of the world, resulting from brain activity |
| Circadian Rhythm | The regulation of biological cycles into regular patterns |
| REM Sleep | Stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movement, dreaming, and paralysis of motor systems |
| Stages of Sleep | |
| Stage 1 | Theta Waves, REM occurs here. Light sleep. Might see fantastical images or shapes. Sensation of fallings might occur |
| Stage 2 | Breathing becomes more regular, become less sensitive to external stimulation. Fully asleep, Occasional activity called sleep spindles, and waves called K-Complex occur. |
| Stage 3&4 | Large Delta Waves, Often called Slow-Wave Sleep. People are very hard to wake up in this stage |
| REM Sleep | Occurs again right before waking up |
| Dreaming | Products of an altered state of consciousness in which images and fantasies are confused with reality |
| Insomnia | Disorder characterized by an inability to sleep |
| Narcolepsy | Disorder in which people experience sleepiness during normal waking hours, sometimes go limp and collapse |
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea | Disorder in which a person, while asleep, stops breathing because his/her throat closes. Condition results in frequent awakenings during the night |
| Sleep Deprivation | People find it nearly impossible to perform boring or mundane tasks. Long sleep deprivation causes mood swings and decreases cognitive performance |
| Hypnosis | Social interaction during which a person, responding to suggestions, experiences changes in memory, perception, and/or voluntary action |
| Generalization | Learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response |
| Discrimination | Differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus |
| Positive Reinforcement | Administration of a stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior's being repeated |
| Negative Reinforcement | Removal of a stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior's being repeated |
| Positive Punishment | Administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring |
| Negative Punishment | Removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring |
| UR-Unconditioned Response | Response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex |
| US-Unconditioned Stimulus | Stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex, without any prior learning |
| CS-Conditioned Stimulus | Stimulus that elicits a response only after leaning has taken place |
| CR-Conditioned Response | Response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned |
| Acquisition | Gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli |
| Extinction | Process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the CS is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus |
| Spontaneous Recovery | Process in which a previously extinguished response re-emerges after the presentation of the CS |
| Classical Conditioning | Type of learned response; a neutral object comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response |
| Operant Conditioning | Learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future |
| Shaping | Operant Conditioning technique, consists of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior |
| Habituation | Decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a non-threatening stimulus |
| Sensitization | Increase in behavioral response after exposure to a threatening stimulus |
| VR-Variable Ratio | Takes little time. Example-slot machines pay off on average every few pulls, but you never know which pull |
| FR-Fixed Ratio | Takes a little longer than VR. Example-being paid each time you complete a chore |
| VI-Variable Interval | Takes longer than FR. Example-listening to the radio to hear your favorite song, but you don't know when you will hear it |
| FI-Fixed Interval | Takes longest. Example-When quizzes are schedule at fixed intervals, students only study when the quiz is administered (grade is reinforcer) |
| Observational Learning | Acquisition or modification of a behavior after exposure to at least one performance |
| Chunking | Organizing information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember |
| Encoding | Processing of information so that it can be stored |
| Storage | The retention of encoded representations over time |
| Retrieval | The act of recalling or remembering stored information |
| Flashbulb Memories | Vivid episodic memories for the circumstances in which people first learned of a surprising, consequential, or emotionally arousing event |
| Encoding Specificity Principle | Idea that any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger memory for the experience |
| Episodic Memory | Memory for one's personal past experiences |
| Semantic Memory | Memory for knowledge about the world |
| Retro-Active Interference | When new information inhibits the ability to remember old information |
| Pro-Active Interference | When prior information inhibits the ability to remember old information |
| Suggestibility | The development of biased memories from misleading information |
| Heuristics | Shortcuts; used to reduce amount of thinking that is needed to make decisions |
| Algorithms | Step by step procedures |
| Schemas | Cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, process, and use information |
| Intelligence | Ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly and adapt to environmental challenges |
| Fluid Intelligence | Intelligence that reflects the ability to process information, particularly in novel or complex circumstances |
| Crystalized Intelligence | Intelligence that reflects both the knowledge one acquires through experience and the ability to use that knowledge |
| Achievement Test | Test designed to determine what an individual has learned |
| Aptitude Test | Test to predict a person's future performance |
| Cultural Bias in IQ Tests | May penalize people for belonging to particular cultures or particular groups |
| Functional Fixedness | Tendency to think about things and how they normally function |
| Decision Making | Attempting to make the best alternative among several options |
| Attention | Ability to direct something in ourself |
| SQRRR | 1.Survey 2.Question 3.Read 4.Rectie 5.Review |
Created by:
Hardin36
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