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Psych 100 Chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychological science | The study of mind, brain, and behavior. Mind - mental activity Brain - enables the mind Behavior - wide variety of observable actions |
| critical thinking | Systematically evaluating information to reach reasonable conclusions. |
| amiable skepticism | Trait combines openness and wariness; open to new idea, but wary of new scientific findings when good evidence and sound reasoning do not seem to support them. Habit of carefully weighing the facts when deciding what to believe. |
| nature/nurture debate | The arguments concerning whether nature: psychological chacteristics are biologically innate OR nurture: acquired through education, experience, and culture. |
| mind/body problem | A fundamental psychologically issue: Are mind and body separate and distinct, or is the mind simply the physical brain's subjective experience? |
| Rene Descartes | Theory of dualism - the mind and body are separate yet intertwained. |
| Wilhelm Wundt | -(1879): established the first psychology laboratory and institute. -founded modern experimental psychology -measured/studied mental reaction times based on experiments: easy vs complex |
| introspection | A systematic examination of subjective mental experiences that requires people to inspect and report on the content of their thoughts. Ex: stating which one they found more pleasant |
| Edward Titchener | student of Wundt's; used methods such as introspection to pioneer a school of thought: structuralism |
| structuralism | An approach to psychology based on the idea that conscious experience can be broken down into its basic underlying components. |
| William James | critic of structuralism; moved psychology beyond structuralism and into functionalism |
| functionalism | An approach to psychology concerned with the adaptive purpose, or function, of mind and behavior. |
| Gestalt theory | A theory based on the idea that the whole of personal experience is different from simply the sum of its constituent elements. Ex: show people a triangle, they see a triangle -- not 3 lines on a piece of paper = introspective/stuctural experiment |
| Sigmund Freud | -father of psychoanalytic theory -hugely influenced psychology in the 20th century -believed unconscious mental forces, often sexual and in conflict, produced psychological discomfort and in some cases even psychological disorders. |
| unconscious | The mental processes that operate below the level of conscious awareness. |
| psychoanalysis | A method developed by Sigmund Freud that attempts to bring the contents of the unconscious into conscious awareness so that conficts can be revealed. |
| behaviorism | A psychological approach that emphasizes the role of environmental forces in producing behavior. |
| John B. Watson | -developed and promoted behaviorism |
| B.F. Skinner | -became famous for taking up mantle of behaviorism -denied existence of mental states -argued concepts about mental processes were of no scientific value in explaining behavior; mental states = illusion |
| social psychology | The study of how people are influenced by their interactions with others. |
| Neuroscience/biological psychologists | interested in examining how biological systems give rise to mental activity & behavior Ex: 1)study how certain chemicals in the brain control sexual behaviors 2)how different environments lead different genes to be expressed. |
| Cognitive psychologists | study processes such as thinking, perceiving, problem solving, decision making, using language, and learning Ex: study images of the brain to understand how the brain accomplishes these processes |
| Experimental psychologists | study basic psychological processes such as sensatiion and perception, movement, and learning. Ex: 1)examine how people see in color 2)how expert dancers differ than novices 3)how animals can be taught new behaviors |
| Development psychologists | study how people change across the life span, from infancy through old age. Ex: 1)interested in how children learn to speak and they become moral beings 2)how adolescents form their identities 3)how adults can maintain their mental abilities over ti |
| Personality psychologists | seek to understand enduring characteristics that people display over time and across circumstances, such as why some people are SHY, whereas others are OUTGOING Ex: examine how genes, circumstances, and cultural context shape personality |
| Social psychologists | focus on how people are affected by the presence of others and how they form impressions of others Ex: 1)study what people believe about members of other groups 2)when people are influenced by others to behave in certain ways |
| Clinical psychologists | interested in factors that cause psychological DISORDERS and the methods best used to treat them Ex: 1)study factors that lead people to depression 2)types of therapy that are most effective for alleviating depression 3)how the brain changes w/ ther |
| Counseling psychologists | overlap w/ clincial; seek to improve people's daily lives, but they work w/ more people facing Ex: 1)provide marital & family counseling 2)career advice 3)help people manage stress |
| School psychologists | work in educational settings; help students w/ problems that interfere w/ learning, design age-appropriate curricula, and conduct assessment and achievement testing. |
| Industrial and organizational psychologists | develop programs to motivate workers by building morale and improving job satisification, design equipment and workspaces so workers can easilhy perform their duties and avoid accidents, and assist w/ identifying and recruiting talented workers |
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kdeep27
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