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Psych 101 Monika
Chapter 1.3 powerpoint
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychology is... | scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
| What does psychology do? | prevent possible biases from leading to faulty observations (precise and careful measurement) |
| What is limited as tools for knowledge? | intuition and common sense |
| What are the three elements to scientific attitude? | curiosity, skepticism, and humility |
| What is the scientific method? | system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced |
| Steps of scientific method? | 1.Perceive the question. 2. Form a hypothesis – tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on obs3rvations. 3. Test the hypothesis. 4. Draw conclusions. 5. Report your results so that others can try to replicate |
| What are the five types of descriptive methods? | naturalistic observations, laboratory observation, case study, surveys, and finding relationships |
| What is the naturalistic observation method? | watching animals or humans behave in their normal habitat |
| Specify the advantages of the naturalistic observation method? | realistic picture of behavior |
| Specify the disadvantages of the naturalistic observation method? | Observer effect, observer bias |
| What is the observer effect? | tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed |
| How can you reduce observer effect? | by using the participation observation method where the observer becomes a participant in the group that is being observed |
| What is observer bias? | tendency of observers to see what they expect to see |
| How can you reduce observer bias? | by using the blind observation method where there are blind observers whom don't know what the research question is |
| What is a laboratory observation? | watching animals or humans behave in a laboratory setting |
| Specify the advantages to laboratory observations? | you have control over the experiment and allows for the use of specialized equipment |
| Specify the disadvantages to laboratory observations? | artificial situation that may result in artificial behavior |
| What do descriptive methods lead to? | formation of testable hypothesis |
| What is a case study? | study of one individual in great detail |
| Specify the advantages of a case study? | tremendous amount of detail |
| Specify the disadvantages of a case study? | cannot apply to others |
| What is one of the famous case studies? | Phineas Gage |
| What are surveys? | researchers will ask a series of questions about the topic under study *given to a representative sample |
| Specify the advantages to surveys? | data from large numbers of people and you get to study covert behaviors |
| Specify the disadvantages to surveys? | have to ensure your sample is representative of the population and people are not always accurate (courtesy bias) |
| What does correlation mean? | a measure of the relationship between two variables |
| What is a variable? | anything that can change or vary |
| What is a correlation coefficient? | direction of the relationship and strength of the relationship |
| Positive correlation coefficient? | variables are related tin the same direction |
| Negative correlation coefficient? | variables are related in the opposite direction |
| Correlation does or doesn't prove causation? | DOES NOT |
| Low self-esteem could cause... | depression |
| Depression could cause... | low self-esteem |
| Distressing events or biological disposition could cause... | low self-esteem AND depression |
| What is the relationship between height and temperament? | positive correlation r=+.63 |
| What is behavior related to psychology? | outward, or overt actions and reactions (what we say or do) |
| What are mental processes in relation to psychology? | internal, covert activity of our minds (what we perceive, think and feel) |
| Specify psychology's four goals | description, explanation, prediction, and control |
| What is structuralism? | focused on structure or the basic elements of the mind |
| Who is Wilhelm Wundt? | psychologist in Germany whom developed the technique of objective introspection |
| Define objective introspection | process of objectively examining and measuring one's thoughts and mental activities (introspection) |
| Who is Edward Titchener? | Wundt's student whom brought structuralism to America |
| When did structuralism die out? | in the early 1900s |
| What is functionalism? | how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play. |
| Who proposed and influenced functionalism? | it was proposed by William James and it was influenced by Charles Darwin |
| What is Gestalt psychology? | "good figure" psychology |
| Who started Gestalt psychology? | it started with Wertheimer |
| What psychology is Gestalt psychology apart of? | cognitive psychology |
| What is cognitive psychology? | a field not only focusing on perception but also on learning, memory, thought processes, and problem solving |
| What is psychoanalysis? | the theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud |
| Specify the disorders Freud's patients suffered from | nervous disorders |
| What is behaviorism? | the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only (must be directly seen or measured) |
| who proposed behaviorism? | John B. Watson |
| Who's work was behaviorism based on? | Ivan Pavlov who demonstrated that a reflex could be conditioned (learned) |
| Watson believed that phobias were... | learned |
| List the seven modern perspectives | psychodynamic, behaviorial, humanistic, cognitive, sociocultural, biopsychological, and evolutionary |
| What is the psychodynamic perspective? | modern version of psychoanalysis - more focused on development of self and discovery of others |
| What is the behavioral perspective? | operant conditioning of voluntary behavior |
| What is the humanistic perspective? | people have free will, freedom to do what they choose. it emphasized human potential and being the best you could be |
| Define self-actualization | achieving one's full potential or actual self |
| What is the cognitive perspective? | focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem-solving, and learning |
| What is the socioculture perspective? | focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture |
| What is the biopsychological perspective? | attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body. |
| What is the evolutionary perspective? | focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share |
| What is a psychiatrist? | a medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders |
| What is a psychologist? | a professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology - can do counseling, teaching, and research |
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